Do You Have a Personal Essay That You Need to Write?

Do You Have a Personal Essay That You Need to Write?In this article I will go through some of the mistakes that I see a lot of people make when they are doing their personal essays. You should read this in order to avoid making these mistakes.There are two types of personal essays, one is the essay that you create when you are doing research for an exam or research papers. These sorts of essays are generally more detailed and they offer much more information about your subject matter. But the second type of essay is the essay that you write for a school essay or for an essay at work.So the first mistake that I see a lot of people make when they are doing their personal essay is that they do not make the essay as compelling as they possibly can. If you are writing a school essay, you can't really cheat yourself into being creative and original. However, if you are writing an essay for a job interview, you can at least try to give a more objective view of your topic.Another mistake tha t a lot of people make when they are doing their personal essay is that they don't explain why they think what they have to say. There is absolutely no need to explain why you think what you have to say is important. You can just say it and leave it at that.The third mistake that I see a lot of people make when they are doing their personal essay is that they put too much emphasis on things that they know little about. For example, in a personal essay for a school essay, the focus is not just on the subject matter, but the researcher has to also be able to explain what is going on with the student in terms of their grades.As I mentioned before, if you want to make your essay interesting and informative, try to focus more on the people that you are speaking to and what they are feeling. Try to leave some mystery behind them.All in all, personal essays are not very hard to write. All you need to do is to write something that you are passionate about and try to make it interesting to r ead.

Social Injustice Invisibility and Suppression Among...

A distinctive feature in post-1865 American literature is the recurrent motif of suppression among minority groups in the United States. The literature provided in the Heath Anthology reflects minority citizens like African Americans, Hispanics, and women. American literature during the 20th century serves as a critical lens to examine the social injustices faced by minority groups. Minority artists use literature to examine and redefine their pre-determined role in society. The critically acclaimed African American scholar, W.E.B. DuBois, contends the strife of minority groups (specifically African Americans) in the United States. DuBois sets the opening scene for other African American literary artists who use literature as a means of†¦show more content†¦According to Pietris’ self-reflection it leads to a solution for Hispanics (more specifically Puerto Ricans) living in the United States. In Pietri’s poem he claims, â€Å"if only they [Puerto Ricans] / had used the white supremacy bibles / for toilet paper purpose / and made their latino souls / the only religion of their race† (Pietri lines 277-280). Pietri in these lines is lamenting the destruction of Hispanic heritage. He claims that the notions of the American dream are forced upon them. That in order to move forward as a race they have to consciously refuse to assimilate. Pietri is asking all Hispanic-Americans (or any minority group) to turn to their true values. An idealized world that is balanced between Hispanic and American culture is not difficult to achieve if an individual or a group of minorities acknowledge both of their identities. Another common minority group represented in the Heath Anthology is women. Women, unfortunately, face the same suppression and scrutiny as African Americans and Hispanics. The distinctive common occurrence in women’s literature is the concept of invisibility and suppression. In Maxine Hong Kingston’s’ short story No Name Woman, she incorporates American and Chinese culture and the expectations of women in society. The protagonist tells of a story of her aunt who did not follow the towns’ expectations of child bearing. As the protagonist delves into the fact, she reveals subtle information making the readerShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesperspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7 (paper : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0271-4 (electronic) 1. History, Modern—20th century. 2. Twentieth century. 3. Social history—20th century. 4. World politics—20th century. I. Adas, Michael, 1943– II. American Historical Association. D421.E77 2010 909.82—dc22 2009052961 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard

Do Violent Video Games Increased Youth Violence - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1893 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/08/02 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Violence in Video Games Essay Did you like this example? According to the data found on the website (Violent Video Games- ProCon.org 2018) sixty percent of Americans play video games. Twenty-eight percent of gamers are under 18 years old and they contribute to the $21.53 billion-dollar U.S. gaming industry (Violent Video Games- ProCon.org 2018). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Do Violent Video Games Increased Youth Violence" essay for you Create order Video games depicting violence make up 50 percent of the top-selling video games sold today(Violent Video Games- ProCon.org 2018). These video games have been blamed for school shootings, and a rise in bullying. The debate is not new, and dates back to as early as 1976(Violent Video Games- ProCon.org 2018). Proponents contend   that violent video games contribute to desensitization, increased bullying, and aggressive behaviors in children. Opponents disagree and have confidence that these games give a safe place to express anger, and aggressiveness, and that playing these games lead to lower crime rates. This raises the question: Do violent video games contribute to an increase in violence in youth? The major perspectives on whether violence in video games contributes to an increase in violent behaviors, and actions are; The American Psychological Association (APA), The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), President Trump, other politicians, game industry leaders, and expert resea rchers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This issue is not a new one to the population. This debate has been a hot topic of interest for 32 years. It started in 1976 with the release of the game Death Race (Violent Video Games- ProCon.org 2018). The object of this game was to run over gremlin-like figures with a car. The argument began because of the similarities to people that these creatures mimicked. Reports were also circulated that the real title of the game was Pedestrian. It was only when protestors went to the extreme of physically destructing these games that they were no longer in production   (Violent Video Games- ProCon.org 2018). Fast- forward to 1993, and the release of the popular fighting game Mortal Kombat. Again, the public was outraged at the level of violence portrayed in the game. This led Congress to conduct senate hearings on controlling the sale of these violent games. In the weeks prior to these hearings Senator Lieberman, and childrens television icon, Captain Kangaro o conducted a press conference to condemn these violent games.   Fear of these impending regulations directed the video game industry to create the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) in 1994(Fulton, 2015). It wasnt until 1999 in the days following the Columbine Massacre that all of society was in total agreement with each other that there was a definitive connection between violent video games , and mass shootings. It was reported that the teenagers that that opened fire at Columbine High School were avid players of the first-person shooting game Doom. This was the critical starting point where many individuals became more aware of the issues surrounding the games, and crusaded to end video game violence(Disis, 2018). In the response to this mass shooting Senator Jeff Sessions blamed the negative influence of movies, media, music, and violent video games. They are able to hook into the Internet and play video games that are extraordinarily violent, that cause the blood pre ssure to rise and the adrenaline level to go up, games that cause people to be killed and the players to die themselves. It is a very intense experience.(Cherkis, 2013). In 1995 New York Senator Hillary Clinton proposed a bill that would criminalize selling M rated and Adults only games to minors, stating that these games were a silent epidemic of desensitization (Violent Video Games- ProCon.org 2018). The bill did not pass. Many subsequent efforts at the state level were also denied. In the aftermath of the Parkland, FL school shooting, an article posted on abcnews.com cited that President Trump feels that there may be a need for imposed reforms for the gaming industry in regard to video game violence(Phelps/abc news, 2018).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many scientific studies, and experiments have been conducted throughout the years to determine of there is a link between violence in video games, and increased violence in children, and teenagers. A study conducted in   2014 concluded that 90% of pediatricians agreed that violence in video games can increase aggressive behaviors in children, and 67% of parents concurred with this perspective(Violent Video Games- ProCon.org, 2018). The American Academy of Pediatrics released a policy statement claiming that there is a proven connection between virtual violence, and real-world aggression(Virtual Violence, 2016). In 2017 The American Psychological Associations task force on violent media concluded that although there is a definitive link between violent video games and increased aggression, there is no sufficient evidence to link these games to violent criminal behavior (APA, 2013). Over 130 studies, and experiments have been conducted all over the globe, and there have been over 130,000 participants within these studies. Many researchers, and doctors agree and believe there is a direct causal link. Brad Bushman a psychology and communications professor at Ohio State University believes that the evidence found from the many studies is clear, and there is a direct link between the games and increased aggressive behaviors in children. He not only claims that they lead to an increase in aggressive thoughts, angry feelings, physiological arousal, including increased heart rate, and aggressive behavior, but also a decrease in empathy for others (Association for Psychological Science, 2011). Douglas Gentile a developmental psychologist at Iowa State University agrees with Bushman and states the psychological science on the link between the games and increased aggression still holds up.   He believes that parental involvement and setting limits on their childrens video game use is the best way to protect them overall (Association for Psy chological Science, 2011). Many of these studies have concluded that a decrease in empathy is linked to video games depicting violence. A study published by the APA concluded that exposure to violent media led to decreased empathy, and positive social behavior ( Violent Video Games- ProCon.org, 2018). Prominent Psychologist, and researcher Jeanne B. Funk PhD, and other notable members of the Department of Psychology at the University of Toledo conducted a study consisting of 150 fourth and fifth graders, and the effect violent media has on empathy, and prosocial behaviors. This study found that video games are the only form of media that is linked to a decrease in empathy (Funk, Baldacci, Pasold, Baumgardner, 2004, pp.22).   An increase in mass school shootings done by teenagers has been a focus of this debate in the last 20 years. According to an article published in USA Today online, as of February 2018 there have been 25 fatal school shootings in the Untied States since Columb ine in 1999(Diebel, 2018).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many psychologists, medical professionals, and game industry leaders disagree that there is a definitive link between video games and increased aggressive behavior, and violence. Many believe that video games are only a small influential factor in the potential for real world violence. Many argue that there is a lack of supporting evidence indicating a prevalence of past physical abuse, and psychological issues with participants of the studies. Information published by The Entertainment Software Association (ESA) published data that shows the difference in video game popularity, and crime rates. Data depicted on a graph produced by the ESA shows a steady rise in video game sales from 1998-2015, but also shows a significant decline in reports of violent crimes during this time period (Entertainment Software Association, 2015). This data leads many to contend that video games have a positive effect on teenagers aggressive behaviors and gives them a safe out let to release negative emotions. Christopher J. Ferguson PhD, and associate professor at Stetson University published a paper stating that the results of   The Hitman Study suggest that video games help with mood management, and lead to a decrease in depression, and hostile behaviors(Ferguson, Rueda, 2010). There is a general consensus of game developers, creators, founders, and designers that claim that not only is there no link to an increase in violence, but there is evidence supporting a positive outcome from playing these games. Co- founder of Liquid Entertainment Ed del Castillo feels that games allow players to lessen their aggression by providing an outlet on the screen, instead of in the real world(Fisher, 2013). There are many that argue that video games are not the most important contributing factor when it comes to an increase in aggressive behaviors, and real-world violence. Patrick Markey a professor of psychology at Villanova University in Pennsylvania contends th at recent studies show video games a tiny influential factor on aggression, and real life violence. In an article published in Healthday Markey stated, This suggests that less than 1 percent of the variance in aggression [among kids] is explained by exposure to video game violence. This is an itty-bitty effect. (Norton, 2018).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many perspectives on the issue surrounding the link between violence in video games and real-life violent acts. There have been many studies, and experiments done to determine if there is a link between the two. Although studies have shown a link to these games, and increased aggression, there is no conclusive evidence linking this to real-world violent acts. It is important for us to weigh all the data compiled from the many studies conducted throughout the last 20 years, and gain perspective on this critical debate. By doing so we can become better educated and help to come up with a solution to the occurrence of violence committed by youth in our society. References (2013, August 13). APA review confirms link between playing violent video games and aggression. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2015/08/violent-video-games.aspx Association for Psychological Science. (2011, June 28). Whats the psychological effect of violent video games on children? Retrieved from https://www.psychologicalscience.org/news/releases/whats-the-psychological-effect-of-violent-video-games-on-children.html Cherkis, J. (2017, February 3). Jeff Sessions blamed culture, not guns, for Columbine massacre. Retrieved from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/jeff-sessions-guns-columbine_us_5894d54de4b0c1284f25dd10 Diebel, M. (2018, February 15). Fox News anchor Shepard Smith emotionally lists all 25 fatal school shootings since Columbine. Retrieved from https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/02/15/fox-news-anchor-shepard-smith-emotionally-lists-all-25-fatal-school-shootings-since-columbine/340108002/ Disis, J. (2018, March 8). The long history of blaming video games for mass violence. Retrieved from https://money.cnn.com/2018/03/08/media/video-game-industry-white-house/index.html Entertainment Software Association. (2015). Essential facts about games and violence. Retrieved from https://www.theesa.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/EFGamesandViolence.pdf Ferguson, C. J., Rueda, S. M. (2010). The Hitman Study. European Psychologist, 15(2), 99-108. doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000010 Fisher, M. (2013, April 8). Game creators are in the eye of the video-game storm. Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/game-creators-are-in-the-eye-of-the-video-game-storm/2013/04/08/16e2c976-8cd3-11e2-9838-d62f083ba93f_story.html?utm_term=.ddc0a2952f61 Fulton, W. (2015, April 16). How Mortal Kombats gruesome fatalities led to video-game ratings | Digital Trends. Retrieved from https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/how-mortal-kombats-gruesome-fatalities-led-to-video-game-ratings/ Funk, J. B., Baldacci, H. B., Pasold, T., Baumgardner, J. (2004). Violence exposure in real-life, video games, television, movies, and the internet: is there desensitization? Journal of Adolescence, 27(1), 23-39. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2003.10.005 Keim, B. (2013, February 28). What science knows about video games and violence. Retrieved from https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/what-science-knows-about-video-games-and-violence/ Norton, A. (2018, October 1). More evidence video games may trigger aggression in kids. Retrieved from https://consumer.healthday.com/mental-health-information-25/child-psychology-news-125/more-evidence-video-games-may-trigger-aggression-in-kids-738216.html Phelps/abc news, J. (2018, March 8). Trump turns spotlight on violent video games in wake of Parkland shootings. Retrieved from https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-turns-spotlight-violent-video-games-wake-parkland/story?id=53593714 Violent Video Games ProCon.org. (2018, July 9). Retrieved from https://videogames.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=003627 Virtual Violence. (2016, August 1). Retrieved from https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/138/2/e20161298

The First World War A Brief History with Documents

The First World War, also known as the Great War, began in about 1914 and went on until 1918. This brutal war was an extremely bloody time for Europe and the soldiers that fought in it. These men spent their days in trenches holding down bases and taking in attacks from all sides. The soldiers only free time was consumed with writing letters to those on the home front. The letters they wrote contain heart breaking stories of how their days were spent and the terrible signs of war. The War consumed them and many of them let out all their true feelings of war in their letters to loved ones. In The First World War: A brief History With Documents we can find some of these letters that help us understand what the First World War might have†¦show more content†¦He touches on their tragic deaths compared to their hopeful letters of going home and seeing their loved ones. He describes his astonishment as he realizes that none of these men actually showed hatred or abuse towards the German, they simply believed and had conviction in the justice behind their cause. This letter illustrates the feelings of a once happy man, now stuck at war. He says, War hardens ones hearts and blunts ones feelings†¦(p.68). This young soldier has lost all signs of the happy life he led back home. The harshness of war got to him just like the rest of the soldiers out there and if they so much as dreamed about accepting the reality around them, they would have gone either insane or surrendered and he could not give himself that luxury so onward he went. In the fifteenth document we come across this British soldier describing the battle of the Somme, The young soldier, Christian Creswell Carver writes to his brother about the intensive warfare he faced. He illustrates the war by describing the sounds and views of what he sees on different occasions. He describes the sounds of gunfire over the trees as a noise exactly like a great wave. He depicts the battle as being swallowed up by the great wave and being spit up and washed even further away. He then speaks on the gas attacks he had to endure, describing it as a great cloud that formed into lines and slowly made its way to their trenches.Show MoreRelatedA Short Note On International Business Research Project Essay1444 Words   |  6 PagesIBS 101 – Introduction to International Business Research Project Part A: Research Country – Company – Product – 50 points (1400-1800 words) ONLY WORD DOCUMENTS are accepted for this project as TURNITIN cannot evaluate other file formats. (Your score cannot exceed 23% on the originality check, if it does, it will not be graded) MLA Essay format, include all bibliography and references. Include this sheet as cover sheet. Use Calibri Font 11. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/ Read MoreObituary : Vintage Fashion Guild1137 Words   |  5 Pagesorg/fashion-timeline/1900-to-1910/. This webpage gave a brief description of the fashion during the time of 1900 to 1910. It went from the end of the Victorian era fashion to the Designs of Paul Poiret. This webpage helped my paper by giving descriptive detail about the dresses the woman wore in the 1900’s. It gave me insight of the high necks and undefined bosom’s. Aldous, Tony. The Illustrated London News’ Book of London’s Villages. London: Martin Secker Warburg, 1980. This document is a book with Newspaper articlesRead MoreRace For Nonviolent Drug Offenses Essay1110 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1619, the first enslaved person was brought to the colonies. A few years passed and in 1676, Bacon’s Rebellion occurred and racial identities were first introduced. Since that time there has been a social divide in North America and different parts of the world. 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I will further discuss the dramatic attempts madeRead MoreB1 World War II and Its Aftermath UA Essay1683 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Unit: World War II and Its Aftermath This Unit Activity will help you meet these educational goals: Inquiry Skills—You will develop questions and plan investigations, evaluate change and continuity over time, develop credible explanations of historical events and developments based on reasoned interpretation of evidence, gather evidence, evaluate and use evidence, develop explanations and make persuasive arguments in support of your conclusions, and communicate your conclusions. 21st CenturyRead MoreEarly American Non Fiction Essay1299 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Non-Fiction Essay Through American history, there have been numerous examples of revolutionary writing that has changed the course of human events. 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Following, we will be evaluating three documents from the times of McCarthyism: a letter to the House Committee on Un-American Ac tivities, a reflection on the times of McCarthyism, and a politicalRead MoreGenerational Affects in Business Ethics Essay1597 Words   |  7 Pagescompany at risk. To delve further into the various attributes of each of these generations you have to understand the history of what has caused the evolution of these generations. We begin with the Baby Boomers, or sometimes referred to as the, â€Å"Me Generation†. The birth years of this generation span from 1946 to 1964 or more specifically, after the Second World War. These children were raised in an era of economic prosperity by their parents who survived the Great Depression. They witnessed

The Issue Of Bargaining Over Position - 1318 Words

Negotiation is part of everyday life, and we use it to get something that we want from other people. The â€Å"problem† that Roger Fisher and William Ury refer to is the issue of bargaining over position. When we argue over positions, it produces undesirable outcomes. In negotiations, people tend to pay attention to the position, and not the underlying concerns of both parties. This is not only inefficient, but it can also lead to strained relationships between two parties. â€Å"Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In† by Fisher and Ury is a step by step guide to negotiating using a method known as â€Å"principled negotiations.† In principled negotiation, you and the other party are seen as the problem solvers rather than adversaries. The goal of principled negotiation is always to reach an outcome â€Å"efficiently and amicably.† The Method Every negotiation will involve people, and Fisher and Ury make it very clear that people are not perfect. While some may be good communicators, others may not be good listeners on the receiving end. We have our own interests and goals, in which we tend to see from our point of view. According to Fisher and Ury, the first step to a successful negotiation is to â€Å"separate the people from the problem.† The most common human problem that we face tends to be â€Å"perception, emotion and communication.† To prevent these problems from happening, the authors suggest that we â€Å"build a working relationship† and focus on the problem itself, not theShow MoreRelatedA Discussion On Positional Bargaining1399 Words   |  6 Pagesadversarial relationship. During negotiations, each party must determine what the position is that is farthest away from their original starting point, while still being favorable to their side (Colosi, 1983, Friedman, 1993, Post, 2009). 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Collective bargaining or negotiation among labour unions and corporate houses develop a specialized area in the negotiation world. The only differentiating factors are legal and interpersonal aspects (Craver, n.d.). In this case there are two main negotiators or bargainers. Mark represents the union and Jane represents the business house. In this scenario, Mark is depicted as a tough and practical bargainer. JaneRead MoreCase Study 6-1 Surface Bargaining926 Words   |  4 PagesCase study 6-1 Surface Bargaining Based on the information provided and the court’s conclusion, the company was acting in good faith, utilizing the tool to flexibly and proactively to deal with the labor union. This is because the company met with the union at regular intervals without any anti-union intentions. Also, the company’s actions, during and after the negotiations, did not display any intentions of not concluding the bargaining agreement as claimed by the union (Kochan, 1980). In additionRead MoreRelationship Between Milk Market Participation Of Smallholder Households And Womens Intra Household Bargaining Power1652 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper, we study the relationship between the milk market participation of smallholder households and women`s intra-household bargaining power in Ethiopia. The main objective of integrating Ethiopian farmers into the market is to increase household income. Our data show that household income is indeed substantially higher in milk market participating hou seholds (101 versus 49 birr daily). This higher income of participating households is almost completely earned by selling raw milk to theRead MoreCase Study 5.2 - Are Teaching Assistants, Research Assistants, and Proctors Employees Under the Nlrb?1498 Words   |  6 Pageslevel, the bargaining power of the labor union would be far greater of teaching assistants and research assistants were unionized. 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Our data show that household income is indeed substantially higher in milk market participating households (101 versus 49 birr daily). This higher income of participating households is almost completely earned by selling raw milk to the market. The other way of receiving milk income -- processing raw milk into butter and cottage cheeseRead MoreIntegrative Negotiation1356 Words   |  6 Pages2011 Definition of Integrative bargaining states that; it is a negotiation between the parties when the parties are not experiencing a direct conflict over an issue and they want to be benefitted from discussions(Negotiations betweena union†¦,n.d.). Integrative negotiation is a process in which the party’s goal is to develop a result which is benefitted to both of them. Integrative bargaining is also known as win-win negotiation. Integrative bargaining is an alternate strategy to the

Intercultural Communication Through Humor Essay Example For Students

Intercultural Communication Through Humor Essay I delve into this research project hoping to acquire more information about humor and language. What makes some things funny and others not? How much of humor is based on culture or intellectual development? What I found was that no one really knows these answers yet. What there has been research on is humor and communication. To narrow my focus further, I chose to examine research papers relating specifically to intercultural communication through humor. I picked two studies to analyze which cover opposite ends of the intercultural humor spectrum. One suggests the best ways to use humor with a non-native speaker and the other discuses ways that intercultural humor can be seen as racist and disrespectful. Bell (2007) reports her findings on communicating humor amongst native speakers (NS) and English as a second language speakers (L2). The results of Bell’s research shows that although humor seems to be a potential mine field of confusion between NS and L2 speakers, there tends to be an effort from both parties to ensure that purposeful humor is â€Å"constructed and interpreted in such a way as to avoid misunderstanding† (p. 30). Humor is one of the most difficult things for a L2 speaker to learn. A reason for this is because, a person’s ability to comprehend words and use grammar, is insignificant without understanding the necessary social connotations. Each culture and ethnicity is comprised of different ideas of what is funny and acceptable in humor. Joking exchanges require a greater knowledge than simple speech comprehension. Bell (2007) examines the interactions of three L2 women and how they communicate with NS friends and business associates. She gives examples of conversations amongst the friends, and points out topic. .a different perspective about what is funny and what goes too far. Both of these studies were based on hypotheses that can never have a definitive answer. A lot of what I read was common sense spelled out for less diplomatic people. There were bits of interesting information that could be useful especially in classrooms, but also during everyday conversation. If nothing else was gained from this research, I assure you, I will never say â€Å"hasta la vista baby† again. Works CitedBell, N. (2007). How native and non-native English speakers adapt to humor in intercultural interaction. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 20(1), 27-48. doi:10.1515/HUMOR.2007.002 Callahan, L. (2010). Speaking with (dis)respect: A study of reactions to Mock Spanish. Language Intercultural Communication, 10(4), 299-317. doi:10.1080/14708477.2010. 494731

Correlation Between Government Expenditure and Inflation

Question: Discuss about theCorrelation Between Government Expenditure and Inflation. Answer: Introduction Inflation refers is the rise in prices of a wide range of goods and services over a certain period of time, especially within one year. Inflation is brought about by a myriad of factors, but it is most likely to happen in a period that is characterized by strong economic activities whereby there is a shortage in supply of goods and services since demand has gone up; this causes the economy to run beyond its productive capacity. I.e. demand exceeds the supply. In Australia, the government has many economic objectives, inter alia, the objective to maintain low inflation rates. The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) recommends the maintenance of low inflation rates averaging about 2-3 percent over the duration of a business cycle of a year. On the other hand, it is also argued that the inflation rate should not be lower than the rate of 2-3 percent as stated above because that would be an indication that there is reduced economic growth and resources that would otherwise be employed to enhance Australias productivity are either lying idle or being wasted. As discussed below, this write-up analyzes how an increase in government expenditure can lead to inflations and also what policies can be employed to curb inflation rates that would distort the economy by destabilizing the currency. The Analysis Government Expenditures Effect on Inflation Among the factors that affect the inflation rates is the aggregate demand. Aggregate demand refers to the demand or consumption rate of the goods and services available in the market. In the event that the demand for the goods and services becomes excessively high, there will arise a situation where too much is spent to acquire the few goods and services in the market. This demand will run ahead of the aggregate supply which will then lead to a pervasive shortage of the goods and services. This stretches the economy to its limits, and since production firms would need more resources in order to increase the output and to match up with the demand, the price levels of the goods and services will rise, leading to what is known as demand-pull inflation. Various factors that affect demand inflation include increases in wages which stimulate private consumption, spending and low-interest rates which promote more borrowing and hence more spending. Saville (2008) argues that in the event that the economy deteriorates, the government is more often called upon to take intervention steps to stabilize the economy. In the Keynesian view, the form intervention required is for the government to spend more with the aim of stabilizing the economy and increasing productivity and investment. However, Ezrim et al (2008) explain that using the cointegration analysis and the Granger Casualty Method as applied to the time series data of the United States; there is an indication that public expenditure directly affects the inflation pressures. A reduction in this expenditure ultimately reduces the inflation rate and vice versa. Further, Saville (2008) likens the government to a parasite that sucks the economys blood (wealth) but does not generate any wealth of its own. When the economy is lackluster, it is reasonably expected that the government should suck less blood so that the host (the economy) does not deteriorate further. However, it is at such times that there are more calls for the government to borrow more and to spend more in the guise of stabilizing the economy. Being a fact that no wealth is generated in return, the effect is that the already scarce resources are depleted further to pay for the governments increasing expenses. The government may further opt to acquire stimulus packages in order to finance its additional deficit spending by issuing bonds that will be purchased by banks with newly created money. This increase in money within the economy will necessitate an increase in prices to match the available goods and services. Further, the additional expenditure from the government will add to the aggregate demand thereby increasing the inflationary pressures that will ultimately lead to demand-pull inflation. Policy Measures From the analysis above, it is evident that increased government expenditure is one of the contributing factors to demand inflation. Therefore, there is the need for policies that are aimed at slowing demand inflation. These policies are: Restrictive/Contractionary Monetary Policy and Contractionary Fiscal Policy which are as explained below: Restrictive/Contractionary Monetary Policy This policy is formulated by the Reserve Bank of Australia which by altering the interest rates which ultimately affects the level of national spending. The RBA adopts higher interest rates which would mean that the government will pay more to borrow funds to finance its expenditure. The high credit costs are aimed at discouraging excessive consumption and spending and therefore lowering the aggregate demand which eases the inflationary pressure. Further, the idea of higher interest rates encourages more savings and less spending. These cumulatively reduce general shortages of goods and services and maintain demand inflation at desirable levels. Contractionary Fiscal Policy These policies involves the increase of taxes and/or the decrease in government expenses as a means of reducing inflationary pressures. An increase in taxes is viewed as means of siphoning money from the private sector and may discourage excessive private consumption. The government, therefore, remains more funded instead of relying on debts to fund its expenditures. Further, the increase in taxes can ensure less disposable income and thereby decreasing private consumption rates and ultimately easing inflationary pressures. Alternatively, the Contractionary Fiscal Policy may lead to the attainment of a smaller government budget deficit by decreasing the aggregate spending and demand through limiting government expenditures. Conclusion From the above analysis, it is clear that an increase in government expenditure contributes to the inflationary pressures leading to demand-pull inflation characterized by an increase in price levels. Inflation is known to cause slow economic growth, the weakening of international trading power due to differences between the value of exports and value of imports, and income inequality due to gains and losses of purchasing powers. It is for this reasons and among others that it is necessary for the Reserve Bank of Australia to maintain its objective of ensuring low inflation over the business cycles so as to maintain and improve living standards. To achieve this objective, the Contractionary policies as discussed above should be at all times be employed ad also be applicable to the government to ensure a balance is maintained between sustainable economic growth and increases in prices at a moderate and desirable rate. References Australias Inflation as a Contemporary Economic Issue. (2016). Retrieved 24 September 2016, fromhttps://www.wiley.com/legacy/Australia/PageProofs/ECODU/1_2/c03AustraliasInflationAsAContemporaryEconomicIssue_WEB.pdf Dupor, W. (2016).How Does Government Spending Affect Inflation? Retrieved 25 September 2016, from https://www.stlouisfed.org/on-the-economy/2016/may/how-does-government-spending-affect-inflation Ezirim, C., Muoghalu, M., Elike, U. (2008). Inflation versus public expenditure growth in the US: An Empirical Investigation.North American Journal of Finance and Banking Research,2(2). Feldstein, M. S. (2009).Rethinking the role of fiscal policy(No. w14684). National Bureau of Economic Research. Heath, A., Roberts, I., Bulman, T. (2004). Inflation in Australia: measurement and modeling.The future of inflation targeting, 167-207. Mehraraa, M., Rezaei, S., Soufianib, M. (2016).The Impact of Government Spending on Inflation through the Inflationary Environment, STR approach(p. 155). Retrieved from https://www.worldscientificnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/WSN-37-2016-153-167.pdf Saville, S. (2008).Government Spending and Inflation | Steve Saville | Safehaven.com.Safehaven.com. Retrieved 25 September 2016, from https://www.safehaven.com/article/10688/government-spending-and-inflation Sims, C. A. (1994). A simple model for study of the determination of the price level and the interaction of monetary and fiscal policy.Economic theory,4(3), 381-399.