International business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

International business - Essay Example 4 2.2.1 Presentation of the factors 4 2.2.2 Analysis of the factors 5 3. Conclusion 6 4. Recommendations 7 References 9 Bibliography 9 1. Introduction Globalization is considered as one of the most critical aspects of modern society. The historical development of globalization has been often related to the advances of technology. In practice, it seems that several factors have led to the globalization of markets and production worldwide. These factors are explored in this study. Emphasis is given on the key characteristics of these factors but also on their potential relationship. In addition, the different performance of these factors in regard to the promotion of globalization in different countries is discussed. It has been proved that there are certain factors that are closely related to the globalization of markets and production but their contribution in the enhancement of the globalization is not similar in countries internationally. The different cultural, political and econo mic characteristics of states seem to be responsible for the above phenomenon. 2. ... The latter form of globalization reflects the development of production standards, such as the ISO quality standards, that are respected internationally but also the potential of firms to establish their production units in foreign countries without facing resistance by the host country (Sobel 2009). 2.2 Which factors most contributing in the globalization of markets and production? 2.2.1 Presentation of the factors In the literature different factors have been found to be involved in the development of globalization, both for markets and for the production process. In regard to the globalization of markets emphasis is given on the following factors: the level of unemployment, the restrictions set for the establishment of foreigners, the economic support provided to businesses, the level of tax and the performance of the economy (Prempeh, Mensah and Adjibolosoo 2004). The educational perspectives and the chances for personal and professional development are also factors that can infl uence the decision of people to move to another country, an activity that is regarded as part of the globalization of markets (Blossfeld 2008). The globalization of markets is also affected by another fact: the number of buyers/ sellers within each market (Prempeh, Mensah and Adjibolosoo 2004). According to Vaidya (2006) the development of markets is affected by certain factors, such as the macroeconomic policies promoted by the government, the legal framework regulating business projects, the level at which a market participates in other financial markets globally and the level at which technology is promoted. As for the globalization of production, reference should be made to the

Lifespan Development Essay Example for Free

Lifespan Development Essay Set forth by Margret Baltes, Paul Baltes and their associates, the life span perspective is the viewing of human development as multi directional, multi cultural, multi contextual,multi disciplinary and plastic. Human development is viewed as multi-directional because with time the characteristics of a human tend to change. Each person’s body consists of a large amount of genes and therefore bring the possibility of having several different directions that they could develop. Different events in life can lead to a change in direction. Some examples of those events may be the death of a loved one, losing a job, getting married, getting into college. etc. Researchers have used the multi directional perspective to figure out that losses and gains tend to occur simultaneously and that losses can lead to gains and gains can lead to losses. Human development is seen as multi contextual because it occurs in various contexts such as physical surroundings and the constellations of family. Urie Bronfenbrenner was the first to shine light on the need to consider multiple contexts. He recommended that when conducting a developmental study we should use an ecological-systems approach. This involves the belief that the individual should be considered in all contexts and interactions that life consist of in the study of human development. Bronfenbrenner later changed the name of this approach to bioecological to show the natural and biological aspects of this theory. There are three nested levels that each person is affected by. Microsystems is immediate surroundings such as friends, school, church and family. Exosystems is local institutions such as place of employment, school, and religious courses. Macrosystems involves the larger contexts such as political, economics and culture. Bronfenbrenner created a fourth system called mesosystem that connects all the systems together. An example of mesosystem would be the connection between family and employment. Family leave policies and overtime are examples of family and employment connections. Bronfenbrenner created the chronosystem or time system which also has an affect on the other systems. Development is viewed as multi cultural because there are many different cultures in the world today. Social scientists describe culture as a â€Å"meaning and information system, shared by a group and transmitted across generations, that allows the group to meet basic needs of survival . . . pursue happiness and wellbeing, and derive meaning from life† (Matsumoto, 2009) Development is multi disciplinary because researchers must study various disciplines to understand it. Scientists usually break the study of human development into three segments to study it better. The segments are biological, cognitive and social. Each segment is a discipline that a scientist specializes in. It is also segmented in age groups such as childhood ,adolescence and adulthood. Development is plastic because the traits of humans can be molded much like plastic and people are durable like plastic. Two Theories of Life Span Development The first theory is Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. He believed that personality was developed in stages. One of the main aspects of Erikson’s theory was the ego identity. This is the conscious sense of self that we develop during social interactions. According to Erik, it is constantly changing as we experience new things and learn new information during our daily interactions with others. Erikson also believed that behaviors and actions were motivated with a sense of competence. Each part of Erikson’s theory involves becoming competent in an area of life. The individual will feel a sense of mastery referred to as ego quality or ego strength if the stage is handled well. The person will feel a sense of inadequacy if the stage is not handled properly. He believed that people experienced a conflict that acted as a turning point during each stage. In his view, these conflicts were focused on creating a psychological quality or failing to create a psychological quality. The second theory is Jean Piaget’s theory. His theory is composed of four stages. The sensorimotor stage is from birth to 2 years and suggests the the child builds a set of concepts about reality through physical interactions. Preoperational stage occurs between ages 2 and 7. The child is unable to understand logic and cognitive thinking. They understand symbolic things and have acquired motor skills. Concrete operational stage occurs between the ages 7 and 11. Children are aware of external events. They develop operational thinking and can show logical reasoning. The formal operational stage occurs from the age of 11 to 16 and onward. Those who reach this stage have developed abstract reasoning and can easily think logically. How Heredity and Environment Affect Development Heredity and the environment both play an important part in human development. The heredity factors affect all aspects of development. Genes have a tremendous affect on the birth, puberty, growth and death of a human being. Many traits are inherited from our family members and determine how we develop. Our genetics help to determine how we might act. For example, if there is a history of mental problems in your family then you might be prone to mental illnesses as well. The environment also helps in the human development process. The way we act, dress, talk, etc can be affected by our surroundings. For example, if you are raised in â€Å"the ghetto† then you might be prone to violence, drugs, baggy clothes, and slang talk. Growing up around violence and drugs might make a person develop into a drug abuser or participate in violent activities. The people we surround ourselves with also affect our development. If we are surrounded by violence and drugs then we might think that it is a normal way of life and we might also participate in these activities. If we are not subjected to these types of activities then we have a less chance of getting involved in these activities. Conclusion In conclusion, the life span perspective sheds light on the many aspects of human development. It is multi directional because our lives can go in many directions as a result of different life changing events. It is also multi cultural as there are several different cultures involved. There are many different contexts involved in human development such as our physical surroundings and family constellations. Multiple disciplines are studied in order for researchers to understand human development. Human development is also referred to as plastic because it can be shaped and molded just like plastic. Our development is greatly affected by genetic factors and environmental factors such as inherited qualities and the people and activities we are surrounded by.

Shah’s Fables in The Way of Sufi :: Way of Sufi Essays

Shah’s Fables in The Way of Sufi  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   When most people answer the question, "What is a fable?" they usually define it as a story with talking animals that teaches readers a lesson or moral. Although most fables do fit into this category, Idries Shah, an author of many fables, believes that there is more to a fable than just being an interesting story that teaches a lesson. In fact, Shah writes in the "Forward" of his book Reflections, "Do you imagine that fables exist only to amuse or to instruct, and are based upon fiction? The best ones are delineations of what happens in real life, in the community, and in the individual’s mental processes" (1, 2). What Shah means is that the best fables describe life, one’s mental processes, and the surrounding community to the fullest. In "The Man, the Snake, and the Stone," from his book Caravan of Dreams, Shaw gives insight to the way humans’ mental processes are and how they should be. The fable seems to be a tale about a curious, yet ignorant, man who desperately tries to justify his action of releasing the snake from under the stone so that the snake does not kill him. However, this fable shows the reader how selfish, inconsiderate, and unreasonable humans are with their animal "friends." One thing this fable demonstrates to the reader is how selfish humans are in their ways. The fable starts with the man who picks up a stone and releases a venomous snake. The snake, of course, threatens to kill the man, but the man pleas for his life because he claims he set the snake free. The man cries, "Give me one more chance. Please let us find someone else to give an opinion, so that my life may be spared" (904). The man cares nothing about how the snake has been inconvenienced. All he cares about is trying to keep the snake from killing him. Another issue this fable addresses is how inconsiderate man is to the animals of this planet. The fable gives two examples of animals that are treated unfairly. The first example tells of a flock of sheep which have provided humans with wool for many years. Now, after all the years of helping the humans, the humans turn around and repay the favor by killing the sheep for mutton. A sheep sarcastically adds, "That is the measure of generosity of men" (904).

High School Dropouts Essay

In The Great Gatsby money is a symbol of success. Money controls the lives of the characters in the story, but it is easy to see that it could not bring happiness. Each of the characters thinks that having money will solve all of their problems and make them successful, but that is not true. These are a few examples of characters in the story who think that money is the answer to being successful, when it actually does not bring them true happiness. Daisy is a character who was born into a wealthy family, but she does not have any good values or purpose in her life. Her life is boring, so she tries to use her wealth to make her happy. She is a socialite, always goes to parties with her wealthy friends, and she wears clothes that are white with a lot of gold and silver. Even though she thinks that these things will make her happy, she is still bored and always wonders what she will do next. She has an affair with Gatsby even though she is married to a wealthy man, Tom, because she is bored. She does not value herself or anyone else. Her money has not made her a happy person even though everything she does is based on wealth. Gatsby has a lot of money. Even though he has a huge house, fancy cars and clothes, and has parties all the time, he is not really corrupted by the money. He does everything he does just to get Daisy and prove to her by his wealth that he is good enough for her. He thinks that all he has will get her to marry him, but he does not realize that Daisy will never leave her husband because he is so wealthy. Daisy’s husband Tom is very wealthy. He gambles, goes to horse and car races, and has many affairs. He has a mistress that he supports, but obviously not happy with his life. When he finds out that Daisy has been having an affair, he gets angry with her even though he is guilty of doing  the same thing. Daisy and Tom are not happy, their money and success have not made them happy, but daisy will not leave Tom because he is wealthy. In The Great Gatsby money is seen as a symbol of success by the characters. They have all of the clothes, cars, houses, and social events that they want and that money can buy. Despite all of this, they are unhappy, have no real values or friends, and no real purpose in life.

Black Rights †Struggle for Racial Equality in Post War America Essay

Write a full account on the struggle for racial equality in post war America. During World War II, around one million black men served in the army. They were in different units to the white men. Riots and fights occurred when black men from northern America had to face the discrimination in the south during training. This lessoned peoples opinion of them, in a prejudice way. They were never allowed to join the Marines or the Air Corps, but this changed for the first time during the war due to the military needs. After the war, blacks began to challenge their status as second-class citizens. After their country fighting Nazi Germany, who killed six million Jews, and a fascist Italy, the people of America began to question the racism and many white people felt their main priority as a country should be dealing with their racial problems . More and more black people began moving from the south up to the more urban areas of the north after the war. It was easier to set up pressure groups against discrimination, some peaceful and some violent, thanks to the large numbers in the cities. When the blacks moved to the cities, a lot of whites moved out to suburbs, leaving the blacks in the inner city. Due to overcrowding black ghettoes emerged, houses were in poor conditions, which also helped to highlight the unfair racial injustice. More blacks started attending universities , improving their skills and raising the chance of jobs. When better roads and train lines were built or improved, the move from the south to cities became easier. The economy in American affected blacks greatly. During the economic boom, more blacks were employed and earned better pay. Now that blacks could earn more money their living standards increased. This led to a demand for blacks and whites to be treated more equally. The media helped. They wou ld highlight the disadvantages for the blacks. Television was expanding, exposing discrimination as it grew. It helped greatly to win over the support of the whites in the north. There was huge hypocrisy in the US during the cold war. The US were trying to prevent the spread of communism and disagreed with it completely. They thought the communists were treating their people badly and denying them their human rights. Blacks saw the hypocrisy. They were being treated horribly while their country and government fight for rights around the world. The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) was a black rights group. Their aim was to defend black civil rights. It became the main opponent of the Klu Klux Klan, a white supremacist group. For decades they had been campaigning for for an end to segregation in schools. They brought cases to court so black students were allowed into colleges. Linda Brown was a young black girl from Topeka, Kansas. She wanted to attend a local school but wasn’t allowed. Because of this she had to go to an all black school further away. The law said segregation was legal as long as facilities were equal. The lawyer for the NAACP, Thurgood Marshall, said that segregation like this denied these black children their rights and that separate schools caused psychological damage. Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP won their case. Segregation was now ruled, by the Supreme Court, unconstitutional and therefore illegal. The schools were declared by the Court, the next year, to become desegregated. This didn’t stop racism or the racist acts. A fourteen year old boy was murdered by the KKK and an all white jury found the murderers not guilty. People said it was a plot by the NAACP. In 1957 the governor of Arkansas tried to prevent nine black students from attending a white school in Little Rock, even though the Supreme Courts had ruled it legal. Federal troops were sent in to protect the nine students so they could attend school safely and to make sure the new laws were upheld. President Eisenhower ordered the troops to remain present at the school for the remainder of the school year. The percentage of black children who attended school with white students had raised from one to twenty per cent in around ten years. A similar incident happened when a young man tried to enrol for the University of Mississippi, an all white university. An angry mob and the governor of Mississippi tried to stop him. The case was brought to court by the NAACP and won the right for him to enrol. President Kennedy also sent troops in to protect the young man when he was enrolling but riots broke out ending in 375 people injured and two dead. The rest of the state universities in the south were slowly desegregated. In the north, blacks and whites attended different schools because they lived in different parts of the city or state. The laws to desegregate the schools were not just for the south. So they brought in bussing. This meant that black children could get the bus to white schools that had been desegregated so there was a racial balance in the schools. A lot of northern cities resisted this court order, and some cities even fire-bombed the buses. To get around these laws, many white people sent their children to private schools. Most black children stayed in public schools due to lack of money. There wasn’t just racial segregation in schools. Restaurants and buses are just a couple of the other places where racial segregation occurred. Racial segregation on public transport was enforced by the Jim Crow laws. This meant that blacks had to sit at the back of the bus, whites at the front. A black person had to give up his seat if there was no room for a white person or if a white person sat beside them. In 1955, Rosa Parks, a seamstress, from Montgomery refused to give up her seat for a white person. She politely told the bus driver she wouldn’t get up. The driver called the police who then arrested her. When Rosa was due in court, the black community decided they would boycott the buses on the day of the court case. The buses in Montgomery made most of their money from black people travelling to and from work. Word of the boycott was spread in black churches, the organisers hoped 60 per cent would boycott the buses but on the day almost 100 per cent avoided the buses. Many drove, car-pooled or walked. The boycott went on for a year, costing the bus company a lot of money. The boycott ended when the blacks made a deal to desegregate the buses. There were three parts to the deal: Bus drivers must treat black passengers with courtesy; Segregation must end on the buses; Black drivers must be employed. This began a new phase of peaceful protests. Four black students in North Carolina sat at the white only counter in a diner. They refused, politely and peacefully, to move until they were served. This was called a ‘sit-in’. When word of the sit-in got out, more and more young black students around the south started doing the same. By the end of the year more than 50,000 young people had succeeded in desegregating public facilities in over 100 cities in the south. When black and white civil rights activists wanted to test the desegregation laws, they decided they would travel through the south on a bus together. They were attacked, threatened and intimidated by white mobs. Robert F. Kennedy, the Attorney General, was appealed to by the activists for protection. He sent in federal marshals to enforce the law and to protect the activists. The bus journeys went on for another year, receiving national media attention. Voting for black people was very difficult and involved a lot of obstacles. There was a poll tax that if you didn’t pay you couldn’t vote. Many black people couldn’t afford the tax leaving the majority of the voters white. This and the literacy test were both legal as it, technically, applied to both races. The literacy test was mainly to prevent blacks from voting also. They would be given a piece to read and if they struggled in the slightest they couldn’t vote. This was unfair for the blacks as the majority of them weren’t as educated as the majority of the whites. Even the whites who were more illiterate than the blacks had a better chance of passing as they would be given easier pieces to read. White employers also tried to prevent blacks from voting by threatening to fire them if they voted. Only four per cent of blacks in the south were registered to vote in 1955. In the 1960’s, Martin Luther King lead peaceful protests to get black voting rights. White’s in the north were impressed by King’s peaceful approach. In 1963 King organised a march in Birmingham, Alabama. The blacks marched the streets day after day. Others replaced them when the marchers were arrested. Martin Luther King was even arrested. He wrote a letter from Birmingham jail which is one of the most important documents of the civil rights movement. There was widespread white support for King on the north after the marches were televised showing the police using hoses, cattle prods and dogs against the peaceful marchers. The president got involved, then the violence ended and the protesters were given their demands. King delivered his famous â€Å"I have a dream†¦Ã¢â‚¬  speech at the Lincoln memorial in Washington DC, in front of over 200,000 black and white civil right supporters. A year later a new Civil Rights Act was passed. Discrimination in public facilities was banned, job discrimination was outlawed and the power of the local voter registration board was reduced, no longer preventing blacks from voting. The same year, using non-payment of the poll tax to prevent blacks from voting was outlawed. When a campaign began to get black voters to register in the south, two civil rights volunteers, one white one black, were murdered in Alabama. The governor and local police still tried to prevent black voters registering and the KKK burned down several black churches. By 1965 most of the legal barriers for black equality were gone, but a lot of people remained prejudice. Blacks were the poorest and undereducated racial group in America. A group of black rights activists didn’t agree with King’s approach. Their attitude was to fight back. They wanted black supremacy and wanted to use violence to get it. They were called the black panthers. They were a paramilitary force. Their leader was Huey Newton who called on them to collect weapons for protection against the white police. They’re campaign frightened many whites but was sending the wrong idea of the black community and was probably making matters, regarding their rights and acceptance, worse. After riots had broken out in cities such as New York and L.A between black youths and the police, King decided to move his SCLC headquarters to Chicago to focus on the northern ghettoes. Violence levels were huge in 1966 and 1967 with 164 riots taking place in cities across northern America, leaving 84 people dead and costing over 100 million dollars in damages. In April 1968, King was assassinated in Memphis. His death destroyed the hope for many, and the hope for resolving the racism. After his death, riots broke out in 125 cities out of grief and anger. A week after King’s death a Civil Rights Act was passed outlawing racial discrimination in housing.

Jean Nouvel essays

Jean Nouvel essays Jean Nouvel has defined his work as that of one who is devoted to the assembly and fine-tuning of concepts. A concept creates a space of free connections between ideas, generated by their mutual synergy, which constructs a force field in which certain relevant issues and strategies are trapped. In other words, it stimulates and invites us to contemplate the solution of certain unknowns, to travel unexplored paths, to think differently. For Nouvel, the concept is thus a variable, complex state of relationship between a multiplicity of ideas from different sources which enables us to takle specific problems and reformulate them effortlessy. For Nouvel, facing up to emergency problems or old themes in the light of the present necessarily requires the production of a new conglomerate. It might partially share its elementary components with another, but only with systems of forces and dependencies that are utterly distinct from each other. The result is that these concepts are systems in constant redefinition, still in a magmatic state. They are permanently in their formative period. This prevent them from achieving recognizable structures and hierarchies. In other words, they are impure lexicons, languages in creation for which an appropriate grammar for the structure of their contents is yet to be developed. Thus, moving to the realm of the project, his buildings seem to have a certain spatial dismemberment and a natural assumption of imperfection. They are units in which there is no sense in speaking of organizations, in which lexicons from different sources are overlapped without reference to an overall model of order. What we really find fascinating is that in spite of being highly sophisticated as intellectual constructions, they do not appear to be so in formal or organisational terms. When the constellation of ideas suddenly solidifies in the project, it generate fascinating clusters with a deliberate, total lack of internal ...

The Tale of Quetzalcoatl and Mel Gibson’s Film “Apocalypto” Essay Example

The Tale of Quetzalcoatl and Mel Gibson’s Film â€Å"Apocalypto† Essay Example The Tale of Quetzalcoatl and Mel Gibson’s Film â€Å"Apocalypto† Paper The Tale of Quetzalcoatl and Mel Gibson’s Film â€Å"Apocalypto† Paper During the period of Spanish conquest in the1500s, Meso-American civilizations were ignorant to the Europeans existing on the other side of the world. Due to their ignorance, the Meso-American civilizations created In regards to the tale of Quetzalcoatl and Mel Gibson’s Film â€Å"Apocalypto, the two stories taken place during the 1500s are bounded together through various mythic elements such as a clash of cultures and a connection to the sea.In the tale of Quetzalcoatl, Quetzalcoatl’s is greeted unpleasantly by the presence of Tezcatlipoca, the antagonist. During the story, Quetzalcoatl promoted the skill of crafts and the sacrifice of breads, flowers, and perfumes in opposition to the skill of war crafts and the sacrifice of tearing the hearts out of men and women. However, Tezcatlipoca upheld those practices of hostility that Quetzalcoatl disapproved of. Through this, there is a clash of cultures. During the ball court segment of the story, Tezcatlipoca transformed himself into a jaguar whereas Quetzalcoatl had fled. The cultures of Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca are in total opposition. Similarly in the film, Apocalypto, the cultures of Jaguar Paw and Zero Wolf were in heavy confliction. The tribe of Jaguar Paw and his father Flint Sky were of a peaceful people, while the culture of Zero Wolf believed in the conquering of less civilized tribes. The Aztecs also participated in the practice of human sacrifice.In addition, the two stories are connected to each other through the correlation of the sea. During both of the stories, Quetzalcoatl and Jaguar Paw each visited the sea during the end of their journeys. For Quetzalcoatl’s connection with the sea, it represented the next phase of life. As for Jaguar Paw, the connection to the sea brought the story back to the beginning but a deconstructive moment occurred when the Europeans arrived on the shores of the beach. Instead of a new beginning like Jaguar Paw hoped for, it was instead the b eginning of their end.Furthermore, Jaguar Paw and Zero Wolf depict the typical protagonist and antagonist story line. In Quetzalcoatl’s tale, Quetzalcoatl was the avatar of good and Tezcatlipoca was the avatar of bad. The same reference goes for Jaguar Paw being good and Zero Wolf being bad. In both stories there were constant rivalries between the two characters. In addition, to their rivalry was also a sense of commitment in both stories. Jaguar Paw was committed to his promise of coming back to his son and pregnant wife and Quetzalcoatl was committed to sticking to the ideals of non-violence. Moreover, two mythologens that occurred in the story were the promise to come back and the act of a quest. In the film, Jaguar Paw made a promise to his wife that he would come back which was followed by a divine reunion at the end of the movie. Jaguar Paw was constantly on a quest to survive for the sake of his tribe and forest during the film. Quetzalcoatl was also on a pursuit to c ome back to his people. During difficult times, people hope for a God to come back as their savior. Queztalcoatl came back through his resurrection.Will Durant’s observation, â€Å"A great civilization is not conquered from without until it has destroyed itself from within,† refers to the Aztec culture as depicted in the film as disproportionate in wealth as well as the hierarchy of their class system. I believe the observation also denotes the massive pollution and the images of natural resources being used up during the film. Though the film was set in the 1500s, the problems occurring in the Apocalypto are close parallels with what is happening in today’s world with third world countries and the abuse brought on by first world countries such as the United States.

Help Writing a Research Paper

Help Writing a Research Paper Help Writing a Research Paper Help Writing a Research Paper Research paper advisers expect students to provide some background information about the research studies that they review. Without this information, research paper readers may be unsure about the value of the reviewed studies. Note, the lack of content development causes awkward transitions between ideas and undercuts the college research paper writer's credibility. Because the research paper writer fails to give the necessary background about the studies he or she reviews, his or her discussion may seem choppy and illogical. Many of such research paper problems can be solved by a brief introduction concisely summarizing each scholar's credentials and research methods. Introductions of this sort are also crucial to incorporate someone else research ideas into your discussion. With the hope of swaying a reader, gifted researchers sometimes intentionally avoid clarifying the context of research studies that research paper writers cite to support their positions. If you have a trouble with generating research paper topics ideas, custom research paper service is here to solve your problems. Free research paper is not a solution because thousands of other students have already submitted the same paper to their tutor.   Who knows, maybe your tutor has read that research paper as well. offers help writing a research paper. We guarantee high quality of every written paper we deliver! No hidden costs, no inexperienced writers! Research Paper Writing Academic research paper writing is distinguished from other kinds of writing in the degree of revision expected. While you can write quick memo in a single draft, most academic research papers writing require multiple revisions, some as many as a dozen or even four dozens. While tangled syntax and awkward wording may be acceptable in brief notes to colleagues, the rigorous peer-review process is designed to ensure that college papers are exemplary. Adviser wants you to write elegantly, to offer original contributions, and he wants you to be knowledgeable on the topic you have chosen. Rather than considering revision to be a relatively unimportant activity, like minor housekeeping, you can have a more accurate sense of how experienced college research paper writers perceive revision. You should consider it more similar to major renovation in which you tear down walls, rip off the roof, and add turrets. While you may be particularly adept at identifying and correcting grammatical and mechanical problems, you should ignore these concerns when in the process of first revisions.   If you request help writing a research paper at our site, you are entitled to request unlimited number of revisions. Our blog and writing tips are absolutely free!

W4-A Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

W4-A - Essay Example departments or units such as HR department, Finance department, Supply chain management etc to coordinate activities by sharing information through this platform. ERP systems help in faster completion of daily routine tasks and with more accuracy. It reduces the overhead costs and enables better strategic planning since the needs can be assessed in a better manner. The team at ERP.com (2009) stated in one of their articles that the term ERP has originated from MRP (Material Requirement Planning) that later became Manufacturing Resource Planning and it also came from CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing). This term was originally used to refer to the extent the organization had planned to use their organization wide resources. Earlier, ERP systems were mainly used in large organization, industrial types of companies. In the late 70’s, the main idea behind MRP originated; it was meant for the management of the raw materials needed to fulfill the order from large companies and enterprises. After some time, the companies moved to a different approach â€Å"just in time† inventory planning. This step proved to cut warehousing and inventory costs because of better production planning. In these times, sales forecast started gaining a prominent name in business and hence began generating at weekly basis instead of monthly. This need evolved into a desire for a new dynamic enterprise system that could be used to manage company wide resources and data. A decade later, the need for a system that would enable the managers to streamline the processes and existing data throughout the organization evolved into Enterprise Resource Planning. ERP are now used in almost every organization, whether large or small. ERP are used to address a diverse range of areas in an organization; manufacturing, supply chain management, finances, project management (PM), customer relationship management (CRM). There are many service providers who offer reliable and efficient ERP systems, some

Differences To Division Of The US Nation Research Paper

Differences To Division Of The US Nation - Research Paper Example The compromise of 1850 was mainly introduced by Senator H. Clay of Kentucky who proposed it in many resolutions during January of 1850 and delivered a speech in defense of his proposal in which he said that slavery was not introduced by law and every state had the right to do whatever was considered right by them. In order to maintain the balance and to please both kinds of states California was introduced into the union as a free state, an act setting the boundary dispute between Texas and Mexico was passed which established a territorial government in Mexico, a territorial government was created in Utah and in these states the question of slavery was left open. This compromise settled many disputes for the time being and secession of South was delayed for a decade but later many disputes were created and the compromise did not work anymore and war broke out which finally led to division of the nation into two. The Fugitive Slaves Act was proposed as a part of the Compromise of 1850 and its main purpose was to track the slaves who had runaway to North or the Free states, to capture them and to return them to their respective southern owners. Highly trained government officials were given duty to issue warrants against the runaway slaves and to return them to the south, these officials not only tracked down many slaves but also beaten brutally and whipped. Many slaves who were tracked down and claimed to be free were not given a chance of fair trial by the jury. Many of these slaves moved out of the country and still thousands were captured again. The strict enforcement of this law proved to a major flaw in the history of America as it was highly opposed by many states in the North. These states reacted against the law in order to protect the black citizens of America and to protect the fugitive slaves from brutal and harsh treatment by the government officials. They authorized it for themselves to protect these slaves and forced the government officials by per sonal liberty law that they should have an authentic proof that the person they track down as a slave is actually a slave and in case of denial by the person he should be given right to make an appeal in front of the jury. This made the identification of slaves easy in many states that the person identified and proved to be a slave was sent to his or her respective state but it caused more trouble and disagreements in other states. These conflicts continued to mount for a decade and finally resulted in out-break of the war

Analyzing a movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Analyzing a movie - Essay Example In addition to aspects of gender, age, and culture, the film explores the plight of someone who has a same sex sexual preference who lived his life without the fulfillment of love because of social class and cultural barriers that tore him from the man he would love for most of his life. Love is explored on a number of levels, discussing sexual identity and social position as they can be related one to the other. The film The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2011) has a rich foundation from which to study various aspects of cultural anthropology from the perspectives of gender, age, culture, and sexual identity. Through an examination of this film, stereotypes that have emerged from colonialism and the changes that have occurred through Westernization become important parts of the development of the story and the characters. The first aspect of the movie that is most obvious is the discussion of how older people can very easily become disenfranchised as they age out of their careers or marriage arrangements. One of the couples, played by Bill Nighy and Penelope Wilton, lost all of their money on a venture that they invested in with their daughter (IMDB). As he went into retirement, they found they could not afford anything but a small home intended for people who were infirm and unable to fully take care of themselves. They choose to follow an advertisement on the internet where a hotel in India was willing to pay for their flights in exchange for them living at the hotel. Dame Judi Dench plays a woman who had entrusted all of her decisions to her husband and upon his passing found that he had left her penniless (IMDB). Rather than imposing on her children and in the process losing her freedom, she too chooses to go to India. The situation of the couple and of Dench’s character show how the event of getting older can lead to situations where deep changes in life can occur. The culture of the elderly is a conflicting space in which older people, through

Nursing medication administration and work flow using computerized Research Paper

Nursing medication administration and work flow using computerized physician order entry - Research Paper Example The research problem in this study was on how medication errors can be reduced plus the impact of the CPOE (Computerized Physician Order Entry). The Institute of Medicine had filed an earlier report showing that nearly 7000 patients every year die due to medication errors. In minimizing medication errors and time wasted by nurses in the course of administering medications. The CPOE system became introduced with the sole purpose of reducing the time taken by nurses in ordering and administering medications. According to the observation Keohane and colleagues did on nurses activities, they found out that nurses spent 26.9 percent of their time in medication related activities compared to other work. Hence, the introduction of the CPOE system ought to have eased the nurses’ workflow plus to minimize medication errors. In the study conducted by Dana et al. (2011), the author agrees to the fact that their exists advantages and disadvantages of the CPOE system on the nurses after it s introduction to help reduce the nurses work flow . The literature review in Dana et al. research is quite relevant and directly related to the problem being researched (2011). In this research, the author uses recent literature reviews to get hold of the reader’s attention concerning problems nurses faced before the introduction of CPOE system. An excellent example includes Keohane and colleague studies on the amount of time nurses spent in a variety of their activities. Another example includes a research conducted by Elganzouri et al. confirming that nurses spent a lot of time in issues dealing with medications. In the two literature review, the author would like the reader to be aware of the problems that faced the nursing team before the introduction of the CPOE system, which were spending more time on medication processes plus higher rates of medication errors. The author in the literature review critically compared and appraised key studies in a good way. Research questions in this research could have been what are the impacts of CPOE system on the nurses’ workflow? What are the disadvantages of using Computerized Physician Order Entry system to the nurses? The author’s hypotheses this case is justifiable after realizing that the introduction of CPOE systems in hospitals led to minimal interaction between nurses and physicians. In terms of the literature review, the hypotheses were not related since the literature review entirely talked of the problems nurses experience before CPOE system the introduction while the theoretical rationale speaks of the impact the system had on the nurses. The researcher offers in his justification statement that so far the CPOE system would reduce the time spent by the nurses in medication processes as evidenced by a study conducted by Bate and colleagues. By the use of DeLeon and McLean model, the research was meant to find the impact of CPOE system. The author’s hypotheses were directional since they predicted the impact of CPOE system on the nurses to be either negative or positive (Dana et al., 2011). The variable of interest from the research question will be the impact of CPOE system on the workflow of the nurses (Dana et al., 2011). In accordance to the Delone and McLean IS Success model framework, dependent variables of any information system are defined as its success. It goes further to define success as a combination of variables and include systems quality, information quality, use, individual impact, user satisfaction and organizational impact. From the author, these 6 variables are less dependent o n each other than interrelated. From the research, conducted by the author, the variable being investigated is well defined. The study is predictive in nature and tries to evaluate the impact of the system on the nurses and organization in general. From his research finding, the dependent variables are organizational quality and individual quality. The independent

Respond to Taxation No Tyranny Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Respond to Taxation No Tyranny - Assignment Example The other would be that as humanity is uniform so do Americans resemble Europeans in such a manner. The protagonists have also made claims that the ancestors yielded to such tyranny as they had no right to vote or either gave up their rights for certain benefits such as being protected by the law and thus the colonists have exactly that which was passed on to them by the ancestors (Johnson 1775). The attempt to gain independence has been viewed as a progressive disobedience that started as dispute to paying of taxes and has grown to questioning of legislation. This leaves the colonialist with options that are limited to either yield to the demands or to combat the uprising. With the relentless nature of the colonist the latter has an upper hand, in other words resigning of dominion is impossible but reinstating it by force is inevitable. Furthermore the colonialist feels that such drum beats of independence must not rise from such a people as those who are enslavers of other races such as Negroes (Johnson 1775). The zeal with which these claims have been put across is outstanding, but the knowledge behind them is wanting; another display of leaping without thinking. The colonialist ought to know that times have changed and only a man who supports stagnation and stunted growth would support subjection of America to the Britain. To tell the Americans to continue under the tyranny of colonization given that that is what the ancestors passed on to them is a sheer display of cowardice towards change and exposure to the deficiencies of status quo. Every American is grateful at what the ancestors did to provide a system that worked in those days. It is indeed true that the Americans resemble Europeans that is why freedom is inevitable in America just as it is in Europe. Our ancestors might have forgone their right to vote and to make legislation for the benefits of being protected by the law, for the nation

Nursing medication administration and work flow using computerized Research Paper

Nursing medication administration and work flow using computerized physician order entry - Research Paper Example The research problem in this study was on how medication errors can be reduced plus the impact of the CPOE (Computerized Physician Order Entry). The Institute of Medicine had filed an earlier report showing that nearly 7000 patients every year die due to medication errors. In minimizing medication errors and time wasted by nurses in the course of administering medications. The CPOE system became introduced with the sole purpose of reducing the time taken by nurses in ordering and administering medications. According to the observation Keohane and colleagues did on nurses activities, they found out that nurses spent 26.9 percent of their time in medication related activities compared to other work. Hence, the introduction of the CPOE system ought to have eased the nurses’ workflow plus to minimize medication errors. In the study conducted by Dana et al. (2011), the author agrees to the fact that their exists advantages and disadvantages of the CPOE system on the nurses after it s introduction to help reduce the nurses work flow . The literature review in Dana et al. research is quite relevant and directly related to the problem being researched (2011). In this research, the author uses recent literature reviews to get hold of the reader’s attention concerning problems nurses faced before the introduction of CPOE system. An excellent example includes Keohane and colleague studies on the amount of time nurses spent in a variety of their activities. Another example includes a research conducted by Elganzouri et al. confirming that nurses spent a lot of time in issues dealing with medications. In the two literature review, the author would like the reader to be aware of the problems that faced the nursing team before the introduction of the CPOE system, which were spending more time on medication processes plus higher rates of medication errors. The author in the literature review critically compared and appraised key studies in a good way. Research questions in this research could have been what are the impacts of CPOE system on the nurses’ workflow? What are the disadvantages of using Computerized Physician Order Entry system to the nurses? The author’s hypotheses this case is justifiable after realizing that the introduction of CPOE systems in hospitals led to minimal interaction between nurses and physicians. In terms of the literature review, the hypotheses were not related since the literature review entirely talked of the problems nurses experience before CPOE system the introduction while the theoretical rationale speaks of the impact the system had on the nurses. The researcher offers in his justification statement that so far the CPOE system would reduce the time spent by the nurses in medication processes as evidenced by a study conducted by Bate and colleagues. By the use of DeLeon and McLean model, the research was meant to find the impact of CPOE system. The author’s hypotheses were directional since they predicted the impact of CPOE system on the nurses to be either negative or positive (Dana et al., 2011). The variable of interest from the research question will be the impact of CPOE system on the workflow of the nurses (Dana et al., 2011). In accordance to the Delone and McLean IS Success model framework, dependent variables of any information system are defined as its success. It goes further to define success as a combination of variables and include systems quality, information quality, use, individual impact, user satisfaction and organizational impact. From the author, these 6 variables are less dependent o n each other than interrelated. From the research, conducted by the author, the variable being investigated is well defined. The study is predictive in nature and tries to evaluate the impact of the system on the nurses and organization in general. From his research finding, the dependent variables are organizational quality and individual quality. The independent

Assignment-Oppression-Race, Class.And Gender in United States Coursework

Assignment-Oppression-Race, Class.And Gender in United States - Coursework Example The oppressed are treated cruelly and unjustly by those who have authority over them. For example, the poor continue to be oppressed as they have no means of getting out of their predicament. Tatum (2010) defines racism as a system of advantage based on race. Based on their color, the blacks are considered inferior than the whites due to racial prejudice. They are considered as not able to achieve much of the superior race of whites have been able to achieve hence are discriminated in all aspects; they cannot get good jobs, housing, and education among other aspects. Furthermore, the whites claim their privileges and advantages are biological in nature hence not racist; it is not their fault that they are advantaged. The blacks are blamed for their predicament in most cases as they are stereotyped as not willing to improve themselves and lack initiative. According to Hubbard (2010), human sexuality is not natural but a social construction in which children are socialized from birth. Traditionally, family roles were divided according to gender type. Some roles like hunting were solely for men while others like kitchen work was reserved for women and men were regarded as superior than women. Sexism is therefore the belief that one sex (male) is superior to the other (female) hence has the right to dominate almost all aspects of life. Women are discriminated against based on their sex due to gender stereotyping. For example, even with more women acquiring similar education levels as men, women still get absorbed in the lowly paid service sector while men join highly paid sectors such as engineering. Classism refers to the differences that exist between different groups in the society such that the dominant group oppresses the lower classes (Mantiosis 2010). He asserts that the society is divided into the wealthy class, middle class and the poor and acknowledges the fact that a wide gap exists between the rich and the poor in America contrary to a

Psychoanalysis of Crime Essay Example for Free

Psychoanalysis of Crime Essay An individual’s sense of self has always been an issue that fascinated people. Under the notion that most people enjoy talking about themselves, the realm of psychology opened its doors to investigate the underlying conditions that make people who they are and how they perceive others and the world. Many theories have been developed in order to understand the complexities that make up the human psyche and it is in this aspect that this paper will center upon. The theory which I have chosen for this particular case study is the Psychoanalytic theory by Sigmund Freud and I believe this theory will address most of the behavioral patterns that the subject is situated in. Freud’s psychoanalytic style in examining an individual’s motives for behavior has established the grounds for in-depth analysis into a person’s psyche and though it has its limitation, it offers a refreshing viewpoint as to why such behaviors have endured and its significance to an individual’s interpretation of the world (Shoham, 1993). Psychoanalysis has helped in putting into perspective the many ways in which behaviors of an individual or groups of individuals could be determined by the examining their upbringing and isolating internal and external desires. One of the major conjectures of psychoanalysis is that individuals are inherently sinful and they are controlled by certain instincts which are buried in one’s subconscious. The psychoanalytic theory attempts to realize these internal desires in order to determine the right kind of action in which the individual might be able to control a problematic behavior from recurring (Elliott, 2002). In order to see the application of the psychoanalytical theory, a brief background of the case study should be presented to comprehend the situation. The case study involves a twenty-eight year old man named Bert who was convicted of committing larceny. In the article, Bert was condemned to serve a four year sentence in prison with eighteen months non-parole. Admitting to the crime he had committed, he was said to have been accompanied by two accomplices whom he knew from his previous prison sentence. It was relayed that Bert had entered a pub one night and was approached by the two accomplices who urged him to join them rob a factory. Nine weeks before the incident, Bert was out of prison after serving a year in prison for getting caught with stolen goods. In Freud’s Division of the mind, he enlists the concept of the Id, Superego and Ego. The Id is supposed to uphold the baser instincts that are present in each individual. It dispenses on the precepts of pleasure to satisfy the innate wants of the individual. The Superego comprises the ethical or moral aspect of the individual that appeals to an ideal sense of being. The Ego is said to be the balancing aspect of the individual’s personality as it maintains the needs and wants of both the Id and the Superego. The Ego represents the awareness of an individual regarding his/her state of being (Shoham, 1993). If the processes that harmonize these three should ever be disrupted, it would render uneasiness to the individual’s psyche and cause him/her to employ some defense mechanisms that would be able to shield the ego. The psychoanalysis in Bert’s case encompasses a great deal of struggle between his superego and id, as can be denoted when he points out that he is frustrated with himself for not being able to avoid criminal activities. This is described as an over-developed superego, which imposes an excessive need for punishment with regard to the things the individual has wrongly committed or the unpleasant experiences that has brought misery into the individual’s life (Shoham, 1993). In the text, Bert was said to have grown-up in a dysfunctional family and that his absentee father was also a criminal who often displayed a violent attitude towards the family whenever he was home. In this aspect, Bert’s rationale on punishing himself was an act of regression in an early state of his life that involved his father (Shoham, 1993). The illegal acts Bert has committed during his early teens and the subsequent trips to juvenile and adult institutions has led him to think that he should be penalized for the things that he has done and for belonging to a family that breeds criminals.. In a sense, Bert might be trying to compensate for his father’s mistake of abandoning his children with regard to his wife and kids and most especially, his brothers and sister. This kind of rationalization instills tension into his being, which makes him unconsciously commit illegal activities despite his efforts to reform his life (Shoham, 1993). As a result of this conflict, Bert reasons out in a defying way that even though he acknowledges his wrongdoing, he believes that it is under the influence of alcohol and the two conspirators with him the night of the criminal activity. Bert also pointed out that the long sentence designated to the criminal act that he had committed was a bit unreasonable since he only stole goods from a factory and not a private residence. Based on these statements, Bert had shown feelings of contradiction between his guilt for what he had done and his comprehension of the situation as he puts the blame on other sources in lieu of himself. In the case study, Bert was thought of to be a pushover by the law officers as the former would get caught up in situations that force him to do things that should best be avoided (Elliot, 2002). Parallel to his over-developed superego, Bert’s behavior also displays a weak Ego in conjunction with his Id. His inability to stand his ground in moral situations and his inadequacy in delivering good judgments makes him a pawn for manipulative individuals like the two conspirators whom Bert met at the pub (Shoham, 1993). In this situation, it is quite clear that he is still in denial of what he has done since he has not fully accepted the responsibility for the criminal act. However, in another statement, he also did not want to cooperate with the law enforcers in identifying who were his accomplices in committing larceny. This posits a rather confusing behavior as Bert did not want to admit fully to the crime committed yet he does his conspirators a favor and refuses to give out their names to the law officers as he believes that he is not one to break the code of brotherhood. This act alone concurs with the insight made earlier about his desire to be punished for being a criminal (Rosen, 1996). On another note, Bert has tried to justify the crime he had committed by rationalizing the triviality of robbing the factory and that a long sentence was not necessary. He seems to suppress the mere fact that he has a long track record of criminal activities that warrants for the current court verdict. With this in mind, one can deduce that Bert still thinks of himself as a misguided youth. Such display of reasoning implicates how the environment he grew up in greatly influenced his decisions in life (Shoham, 1993). His lack of a formal education and emotional nurture at home resulted to his rebellious conduct and misplaced aggression that could only be attributed to his family’s situation. Bert’s leanings toward alcoholism may be credited to his undeveloped oral stage, which his mother could not properly provide as the strains of his father being in prison and the abuses that his mother and siblings received from him deprived Bert of a normal transition into the next stages of development (Shoham, 1993). In addition, his father’s drunken presence at the puberty stage predisposed him and his older brothers to acclimate a life of criminal activities since that might have been the only way that he could be with his father who was gone most of the time. While he was third among the two boys in his family, he could not look up to his older brothers as they too were undependable for the nurturing in which he sought from his parents (Shoham, 1993). It is in this aspect that one can observe the oedipal complex that Freud has included in his Stages of Development theory as it demonstrates the lack of attention and love that Bert wanted from his father (Shoham, 1993). Bert’s unresolved intimacy issues from both his parents compelled him to project this in an unhealthy lifestyle through alcohol and a string of criminal records. In defense of the two conspirators, Bert might have felt a sense of belongingness in their company since they understood his situation more than anyone, which is why he was adamant to not cooperate with the law enforcers (Shoham, 1993). Bert’s yearning to successfully reform may be hampered by his own moral perceptions as he is not able to grasp the consequences his actions have merited him. While he is affected by what happens with his wife and two children, he cannot instinctively change his ways without going through therapy or some form of rehabilitation to straighten his ways. Bert’s situation could have been easily avoided if he has learned to act on his own. Since his lack of education poses a hindrance to the development of his being, one could suggest that individuals like Bert who are frequently law breakers should be also be subjected to an education in their correction facilities aside from the terms that they serve (Kline, 1987). According to Lester and Van Voorhis’ book â€Å"Psychoanalytic therapy†, criminal convicts like Bert should not be subjected to environments that derail their development. Since most these convicts are not well-equipped with the right attitude to stay off the streets, correctional facilities should be able to provide such services that will be able to aid them to commit to reformation. Support from family and close friends should also be encouraged though for most of these convicts, it would seem quite difficult as most of them don’t have a strong support base (p. 122). From Kline’s book â€Å"Psychoanalysis and crime†, it has been suggested that creating a viable environment for these convicts when they got out is necessary as that will sustain their progress for development and would make them not want to seek the confines of the prison walls as they will be able to feel part of the society again. This entails releasing them in an environment where temptations would not abound and provide them with jobs that does not degrade their sense of being (p. 60). Analyzing Bert’s case in the psychoanalytic perspective has provided grounds on in which correctional facilities should be able to help convicts to maintain a reformed life.

Using and applying mathematics to different problems

Using and applying mathematics to different problems Traditionally in the United Kingdom, mathematical problems have been treated as contexts in which young learners can apply exiting knowledge. This is reflected in the use of the term using and applying mathematics within the National curriculum. Problem-solving in the Netherlands is viewed somewhat differently. Problem-solving contexts are used as a starting point from which mathematical strategies and conceptual understanding are developed. The second part of this report gives ideas of teaching strategies that can be employed to promote problem solving and mathematical thinking in the developing children of the United Kingdom. Part 1: Analysis of the progression of problem solving between the primary years from years 1 to 6 Solving problems is one of the strands in the Using and applying mathematics strand. According to the 1999 Framework for teaching mathematics, numeracy is a proficiency that requires a child to incline to and have an ability to solve problems when given different contexts. This numeracy results in children who are have the confidence to tackle mathematical problems without immediately asking their teachers and friends to help them. To become problem solvers, children need to solve problems, meaning that children have to be given the space and time to tackle mathematical problems during lessons is they are to become competent and confident problem solves. In realisation of this, problem solving for the children from primary years one to six has been embedded into mathematics teaching and learning, thereby becoming an integral part of the childrens work. The renewed Primary Framework focuses on children solving problems that are set in wider ranging contexts because the children become more confident and skilled. This progression analysis highlights the increasing complexity of the mathematical problems that the children tackle as they move from one year to the next. Through years one to six Block A covers counting, partitioning and calculating. Block B covers securing number facts, understanding shape, Block C covers handling data and measures, Block D covers calculating, measuring and understanding shape and Block E covers securing number facts, relationships and calculating. Year one During their first year, children are supposed to solve problems involving counting, adding, subtracting, doubling and halving in the context of numbers, measures and money. In block A of year one, children concentrate on solving problems involving counting and they extend their counting and calculation skills. The children estimate a number of objects that can be checked by counting, begin to understand place value in two-digit numbers, read and write numerals to 20 and beyond, relate addition to counting on and to combining groups and use an increasing range of vocabulary related to addition. In block B of year one, children consolidate their use of patterns and relationships to solve number problems and puzzles. In block C, children take greater responsibility for posing and answering questions. In block D, Children continue to make direct comparison of the length, weight or capacity of two objects without any counting. The children begin to use uniform non-standard units to estim ate and then measure length. The children continue to work with money as well as continue to develop the concept of time by ordering the months of the year and reading time to the hour and half hour on a clock. In block E, children continue to solve practical problems involving addition or subtraction, doubling or halving and they record their solutions on a number line or in a number sentence. Year two During their second year, children are supposed to solve problems involving addition, subtraction, multiplication and division in contexts of numbers, measures and pound and pence. Block A does not cover any problem solving. In block B, children use their knowledge and experience of counting to learn the 2, 5 and 10 multiplication facts. The children solve one and two-step word problems involving money and measures, using all four operations. In block C, the children solve problems such as finding which soft drink is most popular with children in the class, and later make a block graph and explain what it shows to others. In block D, children continue to count in ones, twos, fives and tens. These skills come in handy in helping them to tot up a mixed set of 10p, 5p, 2p and 1p coins. The children develop the understanding of number lines to enable them read a range of scales. In block E, the children consolidate counting on from zero in steps of 2, 5 and 10 and build up times-tables, describing what they notice about numbers in the tables. They use this knowledge to predict some other numbers that would be in the count. The children understand that repeated addition can be represented using the multiplication symbol. The children use a number line to support repeated addition, recording the equal jumps on the line and writing the repeated addition statement and the matching multiplication statement. The children identify the operation(s) needed to solve a problem and explain their reasoning. Year three During their third year, children are supposed to solve one-step and two-step problems involving numbers, money or measures, including time, choosing and carrying out appropriate calculations. In block A, Children solve problems involving counting, solve number puzzles and organise and explain their written responses to problems and puzzles in a systematic way. The children identify relevant information and select the appropriate operations in order to solve word problems. In block B, the children use patterns, properties and relationships between numbers to solve puzzles. In block C, the Children pose a problem and suggest systematic and appropriate approaches to collecting, organising and representing data in order to solve the problem. In block D, children add or subtract multiples of 10 or 100 and near-multiples to solve word problems and then use practical and informal written methods to solve problems involving multiplication and division. The children recognise that finding fr actions of amounts involves division and find a fifth of a quantity. In block E, the children apply their skills when they solve practical measuring problems. Year four During their fourth year, children are supposed to solve one-step and two-step problems involving numbers, money or measures, including time; choose and carry out appropriate calculations, using calculator methods where appropriate. In block A, the children continue to derive and practise recalling multiplication and division facts to 10 10. The children consolidate multiplying and dividing numbers to 1000 by 10 and 100. The children develop written methods for multiplying and dividing. In block C, the children evaluate the effect of different scales on interpretation of the data. In block D, Children learn the relationships between familiar units of measurement. Practical activities help children to increase their accuracy of measurement and estimation as well as choosing appropriate instruments and units. In block E, children investigate patterns and relationships. In block E, children count in fractions along a number line from 0 to 1 and establish pairs of numbers that total 1. The children are introduced to the vocabulary of ratio and proportion Year five During their fifth year, children are supposed to solve one-step and two-step problems involving whole numbers and decimals and all four operations, choosing and using appropriate calculation strategies, including calculator use. In block C, children test a hypothesis by deciding what data is needed and discussing how they will collect the data. The children use ICT to help them present graphs and charts quickly, and interpret their graphs and charts to draw their conclusion. In block D, when the children measure weight, they use a range of scales. In block E, children use multiplication and division to solve problems involving ratio and proportion. Year six During their sixth year, children are supposed to solve multi-step problems, and problems involving fractions, decimals and percentages; choose and use appropriate calculation strategies at each stage, including calculator use. In block A, children use a calculator to explore the effect of brackets in calculations. They decide whether or not to use a calculator to solve problems. In block D, children solve practical problems by estimating and measuring using standard metric units from a range of scales. The children draw on a range of mathematics to solve problems involving estimating and measuring. The children communicate clearly how a problem was solved and explain each step and comment on the accuracy of their answer. The children explore area and perimeter of rectilinear shapes. They estimate the size of angles and use a protractor to measure acute and obtuse angles. The children describe the patterns and relationships that they discover. In block E, children solve problems in d ifferent contexts, using symbols where appropriate to explain their reasoning. The children identify and record the calculations needed, interpreting the solutions back in the original context and checking the accuracy of their answers. Part 2: Ideas of teaching strategies to be employed to promote problem solving and mathematical thinking. Teaching mathematics students how to solve problems is important. These students should be taught how to apply the mathematical problems to problems in everyday life. The students should be in a position to do investigational work on the mathematics problem. A problem is a task that does not provide the learner with a clear route to the solution. If the solution to a problem can be arrived at through different approaches, then that problem has some degree of openness. The term investigation is used to describe such an open problem that can be solved through different solutions. An investigation is a good way to enable young learners to use and apply their abilities in mathematical knowledge. There are different levels of openness that are offered by application tasks. Exploratory problem solving is another means by which Application tasks exist with different levels of openness. Besides investigations, problems that have some degree of openness can be solved by exploratory problem solving. This gives the learner a chance to solve real-life problems using a mathematical approach. As a result, exploratory and investigative problem-solving offer children greater chances for developing the mathematical thinking of young learners. Word problems on the other hand are usually closed problems that have a defined solution and a standard method of calculations is applied. An example of such a problem is: How much change would I receive from a 10 pound note if I bought items costing 2.59 pounds and 3.99 pounds? Once the problem has been rewritten using symbols and numbers in a mathematical format, there is usually a standard method carrying out the resulting calculations. Word problems can still offer valuable opportunities for young learners mathematical thinking. A delicate balance is required between sensitive questioning which develops a childs thinking, and allowing the child time and some level of freedom to develop his own approach and strategy to problem solving. In this sense, the teachers role is somewhat different from that when teaching other aspects of the mathematics curriculum. In such contexts, the understanding of the likely consequences of intervention and non-intervention and flexibility of approach by the teacher are critical. Word problems can be solved by either a horizontal or vertical mathematising process (reference). The horizontal mathematising process is the easier of the two and is a strategy commonly used by children to solve word problems. Horizontal mathematising is whereby symbols are used to represent items in a mathematical word problem. Vertical mathematising is whereby the model created in vertical mathematising needs to be adapted in order for the answer to the mathematical word problem to be figured out. Askew gives two questions that are used to demonstrate the complexities surrounding word problems. The first question is: Mrs. Chang bought five video tapes that cost the same amount. If she spent 35 pounds, how much did each tape cost? The second question is: Mr. Chang bought some tapes that cost 7 ponds each. How many tapes did he buy? The first question is easier for children to solve because they can use fingers as a symbol of the number of tapes. The use of symbols supports the chil drens thinking within the purely mathematical context and enables them to arrive at an answer by trial-and-improvement techniques (reference). Research findings show that children make use of a wide range of informal strategies to solve word problems (reference). However, mere use of models is not sufficient for many children to solve a word problem. This is because word problems require children to translate between the real world context and the world of mathematics and back again. Switching between the physical world and the mathematical world is difficult because there exists a mismatch between these two worlds. When the teacher is made aware of this issue it provides a way forward. In the example above, children should be asked to compare the problems in order to help them appreciate more deeply the complexities of solving such problems. Children should also be helped to categorize word problems in order to help them appreciate structural similarities and differences. Categorising problems will require children to use reasoning skills in order for them to make generalisations about solution strategies for particular cl asses of problems. In the Netherlands, a different attitude to problem-solving has been adopted. This approach, known as realistic mathematics education, is based upon Freudenthals (1968) belief that children should be given guided opportunities to reinvent mathematics through doing it. Thus, the focus of realistic mathematics education is childrens mathematisation of contexts which are meaningful to them, and through this participation in the learning process, children develop mathematical understanding and strategies. Instead of using problem-solving as a vehicle for context-based application of earlier learning as a tradition in England, realistic mathematics education uses context problems as a source for the learning process. A good example of a context building up mathematical knowledge is taking the context of a city bus. The teaching starts with a real life situation where the students have to act as the driver of the city bus. The passengers are getting on and off the bus, and at each stop the students have to determine the number of passengers in the bus. Later the same is done on paper. The development of mathematical language is elicited by the need to keep track of what happened during the ride of the bus. Initially, the language is closely connected to the context, but later on it is used for describing other situations. This way, childrens conceptual understanding of related strategies from within the contexts of the problem is developed from the realistic mathematics education principle. Conclusion A consideration of some different approaches to teaching problem-solving will inevitably lead to a consideration of the purpose of teaching problem-solving. A problem-solving approach has clear benefits for pupils in helping them to approach mathematical problems of all kinds in a more structured way. Practice in identifying the main features of a problem and rejecting redundant information, and looking for relationships and strategies in a problem-solving situation, are all transferable skills that can be used in all area of mathematics. Such transferability of skills, knowledge and understanding is however not trivial. A key challenge, therefore, is to determine how best to ensure that children learn mathematics in ways that enable them to transfer knowledge and understanding gained in one context to other contexts they encounter subsequently. The role of the teacher is important in supporting childrens learning through problem-solving.

Retinitis Pigmentosa Essay -- Health, Diseases, Vision Loss, Blindnes

The study proposed herein aims to accomplish the following: To determine the optimal exposure, gamma, contrast, and brightness corrections necessary to increase the perceived contrast of images by individuals affected by Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) and to determine the optimal image overlay of input signals corrected at both high and low thresholds such that perceived contrast is maximized. Additionally, this study will develop an I/O system of minimal necessary size responsible for image processing following image acquisition from micro cameras that will output post-processed image data onto small, high resolution LCD/LED screens contained in a wearable binocular device similar to commercially available home theater glasses. Lastly, this study aims to expose a cohort of individuals affected with Retinitis Pigmentosa to a series of images, environments, and scenes typically difficult for RP affected individuals to observe and distinguish due to color similarities and decreased contrast and brightness; and subsequently assess the effectiveness of the wearable prosthesis based on the accuracy of object identification both with and without the device. SIGNIFICANCE: Vision loss affects millions of people worldwide. According to a 2002 survey by the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 37 million individuals worldwide are totally blind, with 124 million having low vision. The WHO defines low vision and blindness as varying degrees of loss of visual acuity and visual field loss, relative to the better eye, with optimal correction. Blindness affects both genders, with individuals over 50 comprising 82% of the blind population. Causes of blindness vary, with approximately 60% being due to cataract and refractive errors which are... ...and RP1 (Ziviello 2005). More complex mechanisms for RP development have been suggested, such as mutations in carbonic anhydrases. Because photoreceptors have high metabolic needs, acidic metabolites resulting from aerobic and anaerobic respiration, such as lactic acid, are produced in large quantities by these cells, and as such necessitate removal to maintain pH homeostasis (Alvarez 2007). This is inherently troublesome due to the avascular nature of the retina. This function is instead performed by the choriocapilaris, and is reliant upon the activity of multiple enzymes such as carbonic anhydrase four (CA4). CA4 thereby helps to maintain pH homeostasis which is critical to the health and proper functioning of the photoreceptors, with CA4 mutations compromising this regulatory ability, resulting in photoreceptor degeneration, and subsequently RP (Alvarez 2007).

I Have a Dream by Martin Luther King Essay

â€Å"I have a dream† was a speech delivered on August 28, 1963 by Martin Luther King in Lincoln Memorial Washington D. C. Martin Luther King’s role or position in his speech is that of an illustrator, or a mediator of peace and equality. He becomes one of those people who have seen the light and wanted to share this light to those other individuals who are still in the dark. He wanted or dreamed of a community wherein racial discrimination is no longer an issue. His ideal community is where everybody is free, no biases for either black or white people nor black or white community. He is in a position as to persuade the people to become more vigilant in watching their freedom and in receiving or wanting equality and justice. He also wanted each and every people to understand that one’s freedom or destiny is bound to the other. Because of this, he wanted everybody to properly exercise civil rights and must not prevent people from using this privilege. Generally, the intended audience of the speech is the black people, and also those who are not such as the white people, but are living with black people or in black communities. However, everybody can read or listen to his speech or statement because of the underlying principles included in his speech and his dreams or ideals can be utilized or preferred as a model for civil rights. â€Å"I have a dream† greatly inspires and effectively infuses its point of view to its audience, transforming dreams into reality and despair into hope; we dream of being free, and we become free because of this dream. Martin Luther King was prompted to write or make the statement or speech because of the continuing slavery that entangles each and every people, especially for the black people or communities. In addition to this, the belief and treatment or actions of the black people against the white people had alarmed the author to write or make this speech to the public. According to Martin Luther King, the slavery of the black people may have been released or abolished because of the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation. However, nowadays or 100 years later, this freedom from slavery is still ambiguous and it does not exist. In addition to this, Martin Luther King believes that there are still a lot of people who are experiencing police brutality and social discrimination. In addition to this, he thinks that the rights and privileges which were given to the people, especially the black people, is not properly implemented or received by the black communities. Martin Luther King takes on the affirmative side or in favor for equality amongst the black people and also the white people. He clearly shows or supports his stand through several examples and emphasis on his words or statements. Martin Luther King claims that every individual should learn to respect and give what is right to their neighbors. He is aware that there are people who are still suffering beyond the hands of law. He reasons this out by giving examples of those who were misunderstood, brutally beaten indiscriminately and provides logic as to why dreaming is an important part in one’s body. Martin Luther King is qualified to be a speaker or author of such paper because of his records and performance not only as a politician but also an individual who greatly cares for justice and freedom. I believe that the assumptions, ideas or claims of Martin Luther King are correct and good, with some deviances especially through the use of audio, video or format or instructions at more school. He was able to provide examples of real life situations where the civil rights of an individual becomes hindered. In addition to this, the audio and video formats are very much entertaining and at the same time, inform the audience of the predicaments of equality or justice in nations or communities. However, there are some claims or dreams which are somehow impossible to attain such as complete equality and freedom from prejudice from all countries or states. Being able to read Martin Luther King’s work, my perspective before to ignore claims and evidences and become settled in what the community gives me, had greatly changed. As such, the degree of my trust towards Martin Luther King did increase due to his great speech which is definitely eye-opening. The author has refutations that include the fulfillment of his dream or conditions in order to achieve a country, state or community. He also refutes the fact that freedom is already complete. The refutations made by Martin Luther King are really effective. In addition to this, he uses great emphasis on his words and greatly touches the sympathy of those who are listening to his speech. He was able to clearly state his dreams, one after the other and manage to state options or categories which would fulfill his dreams. His last statement â€Å"Free at last! Free at last! † gives hopes and restore the faith which people have for change and better living. As an individual who had already received the light from Martin Luther King, my desire for helping other people and providing equality or non-biased reactions had increased. My hopes for a better communication and media for spreading the word of the real scenario on freedom and equality also increased because of the persuasive message or speech delivered by Martin Luther King, Somehow, a part of me already wants to do something in order to help and at least be able to create balance within communities. In addition to this, his metaphor of a ring, representing one goal, and fingers representing the people, is really amazing and in reality lightens my belief. I thought that we are already saved, but the paper of Martin Luther King had taught me well. Works Cited Jr. , Dr. Martin Luther King. â€Å"American Rhetric: Martin Luther King Jr. : I Have a Dream. † Atlanta, 2008. February 11, 2008. Intellectual Properties Management. .

The Toyota Marketing Strategy

[pic] Introduction 1. Introduction Navana Limited stands as the authorized distributor of Toyota cars in Bangladesh, so we have chosen them to make a successful marketing plan on Toyota cars. Our area of concentration was centered on the new model of Toyota Corolla-GLi. This is the latest car of Toyota Corolla that has been recently launched in Bangladesh by Navana Limited in November 2007 at Japan trade fair in Bangladesh. The brand name Corolla of Toyota is well known for producing cars for the common people but this car is an upgraded model of Corolla. [pic] Company Profile 2. Company Profile 2a. Company Overview Toyota Motor Corporation is a multinational corporation headquartered in Japan. Today, Toyota is the world's third largest manufacturer of automobiles. Providing the most reliable automobile for its customer is the Toyota’s specialty. Toyota Motor Corporation recently celebrated its 70 years both as a carmaker and half a century of selling cars in America. In 2007 Toyota sold 8. 52m vehicles and its net income rose by 20% and become $14 billion. Moreover Toyota is aiming to sell 10. 4m vehicles in 2009. In Bangladesh it is the most popular automobile company to the car user and it has almost 70% market share in our country. It is always interested to get the attention of the young generation, family people, working executives, service holders, business people, in one word all kind of people. â€Å"Its mission† is to predict consumer trends and create a lineup of cars and trucks to capitalize on them. Each professional is expected to spend time out in the field talking to car buyers. The Japanese have a name for it: genchi genbutsu – go to the scene and confirm the actual happenings. With Toyota, one thing has never changed that their commitment to the communities where they do business. Toyota spends over billions of billion on R, design, manufacturing, sales and marketing operations. Over the world they have sales /service offices, financial service offices, R centers, holding company, manufacturing facilities, design centers, Hino operation facilities, Supplier state etc. 2b. History Kiichiro Toyoda, founder of the toyota Motor Corporation, was born in 1894. His father Sakichi Toyoda became famous as he inventor of the automatic loom. Inheriting the spirit of research and creation from his father, Kiichiro devoted his entire life to the manufacturing of cars, which was an unknown frontier at that time. In 1933, Toyoda Automatic Loom Works created a new division devoted to the production of automobiles under the direction of the founder's son, Kiichiro Toyoda. Kiichiro Toyoda had traveled to Europe and the United States in 1929 to investigate automobile production. After years of hard work, he finally succeeded in completing the A1 prototype vehicle in 1935. That was the beginning of the history of the Toyota Motor Corporation. Toyoda Automatic Loom Works was encouraged to develop automobile production by the Japanese government and Model AA passenger car was the first production model of Toyota in 1936. [pic] Replica of the Toyota Model AA, the first production model of Toyota in 1936 Toyota Motor Co. was established as an independent and separate company in 1937. The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda as a spinoff from his father's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles. Toyota also owns and operates Lexus and Scion brands. Toyota is headquartered in Aichi, Nagoya and in Tokyo. In addition to manufacturing automobiles, Toyota provides financial services through its division Toyota Financial Services and also creates robots. 2c. Product Line of Toyota Toyota operates in Bangladesh through Navana Group, under Navana Limited. The product line of Toyota’s brand new cars, that are marketed by Navana Limited and are available in Bangladesh are: 1. TOYOTA Yaris 2. TOYOTA Corolla GLi 3. TOYOTA CAMRY 4. TOYOTA Avanza 5. TOYOTA Rav4 6. TOYOTA Fortuner 7. TOYOTA Prado 8. TOYOTA Land Cruiser 9. TOYOTA Hilux 10. TOYOTA Dyna 11. TOYOTA Hiace 12. TOYOTA Coaster [pic] Current marketing situation 3. Current marketing situation There is a huge market for automobile industry worldwide. In this global earth people need to communicate with others each and every minute. Transportation is one way that facilitates communication. The market demand for cars rise and fall time to time, but the demand never fell to the ground. The current market situation of cars is a little unstable for the fact that oil price has risen significantly worldwide that has resulted in a decrease of car sale worldwide. The same has also affected the Bangladeshi market. Different car dealers have reported that car sale has dropped significantly from last year, 2006-2007. There is also a rise in the car due to increase in cost of production. The steel price has risen significantly worldwide. Japan, Taiwan, importers of steel, are giving 27 to 30% more for buying steels. In Bangladesh, the government’s rules and regulation imposed on import, duty and tax has also caused the market of cars to decrease. [pic] Product Profile 4 . Product profile 4 a. Mission, Vision, Objectives & Goal Mission: The mission is to create a luxury vehicle that could go head to head with the world’s best automobiles. Vision: Setting new industry standards in operational excellence, market penetration, customer satisfaction and community commitment. Objective: Corolla GLi is clear in its objective to produce the segments most engaging driving dynamics while maintaining the brands traditional ride quality. Goal: From the outset, it is their goal to develop a luxury flagship vehicle that would be recognized as one of the finest cars in the world. 4 b. Products quality and features, design, packaging, brand name, extra services Brand name: Corolla GLi Features And Quality: ? Powerful performance: Responsive and quick to please, the Corolla effortlessly generates the power for driving pleasure, delivering subtly smooth and stable performance. ? Advanced technology: The Corolla generates outstanding power, minimizes its environmental impact, and provides warm reassurance. Wti technology: Based on driving conditions, it optimally changes the open/close timing of the intake valve, contributing to increased torque and output, better fuel economy and reduced Nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbon emissions. ? Crash safety body: It is comprised of a high integrity cabin with front and rear crumple zones that help absorb impact energy in a collision. ? Suspension: The Macpherson strut suspension on the front and torsion beam suspension on the rear were fine-tuned to provide excellent stability and control, and ride comfort. Keyless entry system: It lets to lock and unlock the doors from a distance. ? Moon roof: It incorporates one touch mode and a jam-protected system. ? Rear spoiler: The rear spoiler integrated into the trunk lid adds a sporty touch. ? Anti corrosion steel sheeting: The extensive use of anti corrosion steel sheeting protects the Corolla from rust, helping it to keep its goods looks for years to come. ? Immobiliser system: It provides security against theft. The car can only be started when the ID in the electronic matches the ID code in the engine immobiliser system. Fuel Level warning ? Wireless door lock ? Audio – AM/FM, CD Changer, 6 spk. ? Child protector ? Brake control valve – EBD Design ? Highly functional design: The ergonomics-based design of the instrument panel with its easy-to-use switches engages the driver, providing comfortable opera tion that enhances driving enjoyment. Convenient functional features and various integrated storage spaces enhance comfort ? Dynamic and advanced: With its dynamic and advanced design creating a high quality feeling, the Corolla continues winning hearts and minds right around the world. Sophisticated presence: First impressions are compelling. The short-nose, long-deck proportions highlight the advanced sedan styling. Together with its expensive cabin space, it exudes a distinctive presence. ? Generous appearance: The captivating design creates a feeling of great possibility. The wide tread and generous appearance set the stage for the spacious cabin. ? Refined interior details: The Corolla’s attention to details includes the distinctive curved design of the center console, the use of colors and textures, and the quality finish. Brakes: Disc brakes on all four wheels, ventilated on the front, are standard for all grades, giving sure stopping performance. ? Windshield Glass â €“ Green Laminated ? Outside rear view mirror ? Color Oxygen Sensor ? Head Rest – Front & Rear ? Rear Armrest – with Cup holder ? Inside Rear view mirror – Day & Night Colors available in Bangladesh ? Super White 2 ? Silver Metallic ? Blue Metallic ? Turquoise Mica Metallic ? Red Mica Metallic ? Grey Metallic ? Black Mica Packaging: It creates a spacious, comfortable cabin with excellent headroom, together with ample trunk space. Engine: The compact, lightweight engine integrates sophisticated technologies, which contribute to its excellent performance and low fuel consumption. Extra Service ? Immobiliser system: It provides security against theft. The car can only be started when the ID in the electronic matches the ID code in the engine immobiliser system. ? Keyless entry system: It lets to lock and unlock the doors from a distance. ? CD changer 4 c. Products position in the market compare to other product of the company with BCG growth matrix Boston Consulting groups (BCG)’s growth share matrix is a table that gives an idea about about market growth rate compare to relative market share. The market growth rate on the vertical axis indicates the growth rate of the market in which the business operates. And the relative market share on the horizontal axis indicates the market share compare to the other segments. It serves as a measure of the company’s strength in that market segment For BCG growth matrix, we have selected four models of Toyota Cars to analyze GLi’s position in market compare to other models. Models are- 1. Corolla GLi 2. Probox 3. Yaris 4. Crown | |Relative Market Share | | | |High Low | | | | | |Market High | |Growth | |Rate | | | |Low | HighLow High Figure: BCG Growth Matrix Our analysis on Corolla GLi compare to others is described below- Star: According to our observation, Probox falls into the position of Stars in the matrix table. Recently, Probox has reached at peak point in terms of selling. That is why their market growth rate is very high as well as market share. From the Bangladesh perspective, the demand of this car has increased so the company is trying to hold this position Question Mark: Corolla GLi falls under the category of this position. Because it is totally a new brand in Bangladesh, but has got very rapid sale within a short period of time. Therefore, their market growth rate is in the high position. On the other hand, as a new brand market share is not so high till now. Cash Cow: When market growth rate is low along with high market share then the product fall under this category. From our point of view, Yaris falls in to this position. Because present market growth rate of Yaris is not that much high compare to other though their market share is high. Dogs: In this position, both the market growth rate and market share is low. According to our observation, Crown falls into Dogs position in the matrix table. This is the model, which has less demand in Bangladesh that is why their market share is also low. 4 d. Market segmentation process Market segments are large identifiable groups within a market. There are four basic bases for segmenting consumer market. These variables can be used singly or in combination. These are- 1. Geographic segmentation 2. Demographic segmentation 3. Behavioral segmentation 4. Psychographic segmentation Now, considering Corolla GLi, we find that they also segment their market into groups based on the above segmentations. For this segmentation process, firstly they study the market and customers demand. They complete this process by analyzing the competitors’ products, segmentation as well as customers demand. The process is described below- Geographic segmentation: It is the process of dividing the market into different geographical units, such as country, city, nation, state, region etc. The company can operate in one or few geographic areas, or operate in all but pay attention to local variations. From Corolla GLi’s point of view that they segment their market based on – †¢ Country: In order to cover the whole world’s market they launch their product in different countries. To do so, in 2007 they first launch this model in Bangladesh. City: After selecting the country, they target those cities where they find more customer demands and wants. They actually select the cities after analyzing the purchasing power, living standard and so on. Demographic Segmentation: In this segmentation the market is divided in to groups on the basis of variables such as age, family size, life cycle, gender, income, occupation, education etc. These variables are the most popular bases for distinguishing customer groups. From corolla GLi point of view, they segment their market depending on income and occupation mostly and others have less affect in this segmentation part. As we know that they firstly go for market study to know customers demand as well as their purchasing power. For this purpose, they target those customers who have high income as well as in top position in their occupation to match whether they can afford this car or not. Behavioral segmentation: In this segmentation buyers are divided in to groups on the basis of their knowledge, attitude toward the product, use of, or response to a product. The behavioral variables are occasions, benefit, user status etc. If we look at the Corolla GLi’s segmentation process, we can see that they mainly focus on benefit variables and customers attitude toward the products. In benefit variables consumers actually look for products quality, services, economy, and speed. Therefore, corolla GLi is providing high quality, extra ordinary services along with high economic value to meet the customer demands. Moreover some customer’s attitude is to prefer branded products. They are basically quality concern people not price sensitive. Psychographics segmentation: In this segmentation the market is divided in to groups on the basis of life style, personality and social class. As we have mentioned earlier that GLi is a branded product targeting the upper class people so social class, life style, and personality play an important role in this segmentation. The people who are in the upper class and lead a luxurious life style they want such type of car that represent their status, image and pride in the society. Here corolla GLi holds all the characteristics that make satisfy these groups of customers. In addition, the customers who are ambitious, outgoing, demanding, compulsive and want to show a unique image may also buy this car as a symbol of attractiveness. Thus these four basic parts of segmentation process helps them to identify the proper customer demands and market. 4 e. Target market selection process After the segmentation process marketers identify one or more selected areas to enter into the market, this is known as target market selection process. There are different patterns of target market selecting. These are- 1. Single segment concentration: Producing one product for one selected market. 2. Selective specialization: Offering different product for different market. Here, one sector can be covered by other. 3. Product/service specialization: Offering one product for all groups of people in order to minimize cost. 4. Market specialization: Offering different product for one selected market. 5. Full market coverage: Marketers try to cover full market by offering different products for different market. After analyzing the five patterns of target market selection, we can say that Corolla GLi follows the Single segment concentration. Because- ? They don’t have any other sub model of GLi. It indicates that they are producing only one product. ? Also they are producing this product targeting only one group of people, which are the upper class people. From Corolla GLi point of view, they select their target market by considering the customer’s demand like- what feature, design, and benefit they want. Last of all, they try to match these with the customer ability and purchasing power. As it is mentioned earlier that they are following single segment concentration so the benefits for selecting this pattern are mentioned below- ? Through the Single segment concentration, marketers gain a strong knowledge of the segments need and achieve a strong market presence. ? With the help of Single segment concentration they can increase their sale, which can earn a high return on its investment. 4 f. Types of Consumer behavior Buying Behavior is the decision processes and acts of people involved in buying and using products. There are four typical types of buying behavior based on the type of products that intends to be purchased. These are- Complex buying behavior: It is a buying behavior where the individual purchases a high value brand and seeks a lot of information before the purchase is made. In this process, buyer first develops belief about the product then develops attitude about the product and lastly makes a thoughtful choice. Variety-seeking buying behavior: It is a buying behavior where the individual likes to shop around and experiment with different products. Here brand switching occurs for the sake of variety rather than dissatisfaction and look for cheaper price. Dissonance-reducing buying behavior: It is a buying behavior when buyer is highly involved with the purchase of the product. There exists little difference between existing brands, so customers become confused. Habitual buying behavior: It is a buying behavior where the individual buys a product out of habit e. g. a daily newspaper, sugar or salt etc. After analyzing the above point it is quite clear that Corolla GLi car buyers are following complex buying behavior, because they are highly involved in purchase and aware of significant difference among brands. We know that this car is expensive, risky and self- expressive so buyer buy infrequently. Furthermore, this type of customers buy car by differentiating the products with other significant brands like- Mercedes, BMW. Here, Corolla marketers also compare their product with BMW, Mercedes. Mainly, customers are concern about brand not price so they look for brand’s benefits and quality, which will show the symbol of pride, status in the society. 4 g. Steps in the consumer buying behavior Consumer Buying Behavior: It refers to the buying behavior of final consumers- individual and households, who buy goods and services for personal consumption. There are five steps by which consumer buying behavior pass through- Fig: Steps of consumer buying behavior Likewise, to buy Corolla GLi consumers may through all the steps. These are explained below- Need Recognition: In this step a consumer become aware of a problem or need. As we have mentioned earlier that Corolla GLi is a car of status, reputation, image and so on. When people reach that level where they feel to have such a prestigious car, they are in the need recognition stage. So they want such a brand new car, which will higher up their position in the society as well as match with their societal status. Information Search: When customers become aware of the need, they go for information search. They can collect information from various sources, such as personal, commercial, public sources etc. In personal sources, they can collect reliable information from their friends and others who have Corolla GLi or may know well about this car. ? They also can go for visiting Toyota show rooms in order to collect more accurate information, which refers as commercial sources. ? Print & elect ronic media, advertisement, billboard, Internet etc can also act as public sources in order to provide information to customers. Evaluation of Alternatives: In this stage, the consumers form preferences among the brands in the choice set. After completing the information search stage, customers look for competitive brand information by which they can evaluate the brands with each others. Here customers also evaluate Corolla GLi with other brand new cars and try to find out significant differences among them. They compare the brand image, features, services, speed, design, and other facilities and benefits among the alternatives. Purchase Decision: After completing the evaluation process, the select the most preferred brand which is suitable for them and then they decide to buy the product. In the case of Corolla Gli, after evaluating all the alternatives the pick Corolla GLi as it is fitted from all perspective. Attitudes of others who already have Corolla GLi, plays an important role to take the purchase decision. And then go for final consumption. Post-purchase Behavior After purchasing the product, consumers will experience some level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction. In the case of Corolla Gli, consumer may try to figure out their satisfaction level. Whether the car’s perceived performance is satisfactory or not. 4 h. Product Life cycle stage determination [pic] Corolla GLi was launched in November 2007 in Bangladesh it went through the introduction stage with great success and now it is in the growth stage the features, quality and brand name of the car are attracting more and more potential buyers day by day. 4 i. SWoT analysis SWOT stands for internal Strengths and Weaknesses and external Opportunities and Threats. It is used to gauge the degree of â€Å"fit† between the organizations’s strategies and its product and to suggest ways in which the organization can profit from strengths and opportunities and shield itself against weaknesses and threats. [pic] Strengths ? Brand new product ? It represents luxurious life style and symbol of status. ? Showing reliability by the company name Toyota. ? Using WT-i technology Weakness ? Since it is one of the models of corolla so some people may have misperception about GLi as a new brand. ? Because of the mentioned reason also GLi still don’t have own Brand image. ? No product line and variation in model. Opportunities ? Offering product, which is equivalent to other luxuries car. ? Attracting new customer by providing quality product. Threat Entrance of new competitors. ? Government regulations (new or revised). [pic] Pricing for Corolla Gli 5. Pricing for Corolla Gli 5a. Price A firm sets prices when it develops a new product, whe n it introduces its regular product into a new distribution channel or geographical area, when it adds new features in the product, etc. Price is the only element in the marketing mix that generates revenue the other element generates cost. Price is considered as the major determinant of buyer choice especially in the poorer nation and with commodity type products. Companies set their prices in different ways based on cost, value, competitors, customers, etc. Each pricing strategy is different from the. Cost based pricing strategy is where the organization set prices based on cost of production with that amount a certain markup is added for the profit and the product is sold. Competitors based pricing strategy depends on the price of the competitors what they would charge for the product for this pricing strategy the organization either charges same or low price than the competitors. 5b. Pricing strategy of Toyota Corolla Gli Toyota mainly follows cost based pricing strategy for the entire car it manufactures for the luxurious car it follows both cost based pricing strategy and value based pricing strategy. They deliver the value promised by their value proposition and the customer perceives the value. To communicate and enhance perceived value in buyers mind Toyota uses other marketing mix elements such as advertising and sales force. Value based pricing depends on the product performance, quality, features, customer service, etc. For Corolla GLi Toyota uses both cost based and value based pricing strategy as this is one of the most luxurious cars of Toyota. Navana is the only importer in Bangladesh who buys Corolla GLi from Toyota. Initially when the car was launched it was sold at a price of 1950000 taka but now as duty fee has increased and international currency fluctuated the price of Corolla GLi is now 2250000 taka. For the pricing of this car Toyota is also following other pricing strategies they are price skimming strategy which is they are charging maximum price as it is a new product, the demand of this car is already present in other countries and the buyers are also willing to pay any price to buy this car. It is following premium pricing which is charging high price for the high quality car . It is also following the optional product pricing e. g. for with the car Toyota is providing a luxorious comfortable interior with leather seats, cd player, etc. Therefore Final price is determined with all these strategies plus the cost of import, duty fee, the cost of shipment and the markup of Navana. pic] Distribution for Corolla Gli 6. Distribution for Corolla Gli 6a. Distribution or location strategy Most producers do not sell their goods directly to final consumers they use channels or marketing intermediaries to deliver their product to the ultimate consumers. By using intermediaries the cost of the producers and their number of transaction decreases. 6b. Channel dynamics †¢ Conventional marketing system- manufacturer, wholesaler, retailer work as independent system. No one has control over the other. Each member of the channel has separate objectives. †¢ Vertical marketing system- all the members of the channel work as a unified team. Hybrid marketing system- when the product is sold by using more than one channel 6c. Distribution of Toyota Toyota has distributors in almost every country. In Bangladesh the main distributor of Toyota is Navana. Navana performs many functions of Toyota. They gather information about potential and current customers of Bangladesh about the government policy and other external factors and communicate the information to Toyota. They make people of Bangladesh aware of the new cars their features and benefits e. g. to promote Corolla Gli Navana used print media, internet, etc for advertisement. They communicate with the customers dir ectly and sell the cars. As Toyota uses Just-in-time approach to some extent they depend on their distributors as the distributors provide them information about customers demand or about the cars of the competitors and Toyota produce their cars accordingly. Toyota and Navana together follows the Vertical marketing system where they work as a unified team. If Toyota wants to launch a new car in Bangladesh they provide Navana with all the information about the car Navana then analyzes the current marketing situation about the competitors and orders as per demand which is then delivered after 5months through shipment. Navana is an exclusive distributor of Toyota they are given full authority to sell the cars of Toyota. [pic] Promotional tools 7. Promotional tools Every company has to sell their products to their desire customers. For that they need to communicate with them. In this circumstances every company use some promotional tools to sell their product. As Toyota selling specialty product GLI car, they are also using some promotional tools to capture more and more market share. 7 a. Objective of promotional activity Toyota has some certain objectives behind their promotional activities. Those ares- ? Giving information about the product ? What’s new in features and benefits ? Trying to create brand value of GLI ? Ultimate increase of market share 7 b. Promotional tools of corolla GLI Toyota using three basic promotional tools to promote Corolla GLI. ? Advertising ? Personal selling ? Direct marketing Advertising Advertising is the paid form of non-personal presentation by an individual organization to promote their products towards their customers. Toyota gives advertisement of their product through different media to promote their products towards their customers. Toyota using paper and bill board for their advertising. They go for billboards which are situated in Bijoy Shoroni, Manik Mia Avenue, Kamal Ataturk Avenue, Gulshan 1 & 2, infront of Shonargoan Hotel, Dhanmondi 27, Newmarket. In Chittagong – Newmarket, Port city, Nasira bad and Kulshi etc. Personal selling Toyota using personal selling tools to sell and promote corolla GLI. Personal selling is the direct way to connect with customers. Toyota first introduce GLI in Japan trade fair, it’s a way of personal selling. Also Under personal selling they go for corporate selling and they target bank and company high ranked personalities to buy their product. It’s a very effective form of selling corolla GLI. Direct marketing Direct marketing is another tool that used by Toyota to aware about GLI to their customers. Direct marketing is way of marketing where, there are no physical contacts with the customers. They did E-mail campaign to promote GLI as direct marketing. 7 c. Media used by Toyota As Toyota wants to sell their product GLI, they use some media to provide their message to their desired customers. Toyota uses both personal and nonpersonal communication channels to promote GLI. ? Personal communication channels Personal communication channels involve two or more person communicating directly with each other face to face, person to audience, over the phone or through mail, where company get the opportunity to receive feedback from customers etc. To promote GLI Toyota uses face to face, person to audience and mail as personal communication channels. Also word of mouth behavior acting as personal communication channel. ? Nonpersonal communication channels Nonpersonal communication include media, atmosphere and event, where no face to face communication occur. Moreover no opportunity to get feedback from the customers. Toyota uses print media, bill boards, car show etc as nonpersonal communication channel. 7 d. Media budget One of the most difficult marketing decision is determining how much to spend on promotion. There are some common methods of determining media budget. Those are affordable method, percentage on sales method, competitor’s parity method and objective and task method. From these Toyota is using a combine approach of affordable and objective-task method. But before that they are estimating the budget depending on product life, quantity and brand value. For GLI, Navana the authorized distributor of Toyota budgeted 20-30 lakh for the current year. 7 e. Advertisement effect on sales Toyota marked GLI as a successful project in Bangladesh. To become successful Toyota is doing a lot of promotional activities. They also found positive effect on their sales from their promotional activities. As a result they able to sell 300 to 350 Gli car within 8 months. It’s a great achievement in term of selling luxury sedan. Toyota is very successful in term of their promotional activities. Also they use different types of promotional tools to become successful in Bangladeshi competitive car selling market. [pic] Problem Identification Car is marked as specialty product and also perceived as luxurious product in our country. So it’s a bit difficult to maintain a luxurious product like Toyota GLI in every segment of marketing. Although it’s a very successful project of Toyota in Bangladesh but they faced some problems. 1. Perceived value of corolla in customers mind Customers of Bangladesh perceived that corolla is a brand of common people. As GLI is a sedan of corolla segment, customers perceived that it’s not a high branded car. Although it is a corolla segment car but it is a high grade car of corolla then other corolla cars. As customers think it is a common brand car they don’t want to buy it on that amount of value. So it’s become a huge marketing problem for corolla GLI. 2. Brand name GLI Basically GLI doesn’t have any meaning. But customers want to know the meaning of it. So it creates some sort of problem to give the proper answer of meaning of GLI. 3. High price GLI is a car of high grade, so it’s a high price car. As more people wants to buy affordable car they don’t want to buy it at a high price. Also some don’t want to buy a corolla branded product at a high value. So the high price of the car creates some sort of problem. 4. Off stock delivery time Toyota uses Just in time inventory system. So they manufacture product only on demand. If the stock of GLI car comes to an end then it needs 120 day to delivery the product again through shipment. So off stock delivery time is a problem of Toyota for any car as well for GLI. 5. Rapid growth of competitors high branded cars Previously, the Bangladeshi car market was captured by Toyota. But in term of luxurious and high branded car, now Nissan, Honda and Mitsubishi entered the market with a great deal. So market becomes competitive and it’s a new problem for Toyota in Bangladeshi market. 6. Import of recondition cars Huge amount of recondition cars are importing from Japan to our country. So the new branded cars are loosing their appeal in the market. 7. Unstable car import and duty law and regulation Car import and duty law is very unstable in our country. It creates hazard for the company to do their business smoothly. Toyota is facing some problems regarding GLI. They are also trying their best to solve those problems. Moreover they marked these problems positively and from the GLI experience they will able to avoid these hazards for their up coming projects. 9. Recommendations 1. Customers perceived value- To overcome this situation marketers need to increase the brand value of Corolla GLi. They can increase brand value by adding more features than other Corolla cars, or even compared to the competitors same level cars. They can utilize the brand equity of Toyota cars that prevails in the market. They can highlight the brand GLi besides Toyota Corolla. They can differentiate GLi from other Corolla. They can differentiate GLi from other Corolla line extensions by highlighting the existing features. They can introduce new designs in terms of color, body kits etc; new features and also extra facilities. 2. High price- As the price of Corolla GLi is high; to overcome this situation marketers can add more value to the product rather than cutting the price. They can have value addition to the product- a. perceived value in terms of brand image. b. tangible value- marketers can introduce new features and design by producing new colors, body kits etc. They can avail more extra facilities and benefits in the car. 3. Though the management philosophy of Toyota that is the Just-in- time approach is not a current problem but rather is referred as a potential problem in the long run. Our recommendation would be to study and be informed about the market demand all the time to avoid any situation of being out of stock. 4. The rapid growth of competitors branded cars is a great threat to Toyota worldwide as well as in Bangladesh. The marketer should always be aware of bringing in, what are the benefits that will be available etc and plan accordingly to reduce the threat of being out of model or even out of market. References & Bibliography www. amartoyota. com www. toyota. com www. toyotahistory. com www. toyotacarzone. com Marketing Management-Philip Kotler 11th edition, Prentice Hall Advertising Principle & Practice – William Wells and Sandra Moriarty, 7th edition, Prentice Hall. www. bdnewspaper. com ———————————————- ———————– Star (Probox) Question Mark (Corolla GLi) Cash Cow (Yaris) Dogs (Crown) H igh Low Involvement Involvement Significant difference Between brands Few difference Between brands Complex Buying Variety Seeking buying Habitual buying Dissonance Reducing Buying Purchase Decision Post-purchase Behavior Evaluation of Alternatives Information Search Need Recognition Time Product Develop- ment Introduction Profits Sales Growths Maturity Decline Losses/ Investments ($) Sales and Profits ($) GLi